Studies On Water Consumption Characteristics And Yield Formation And Its Physiological Basis Of Different Wheat Cultivars

Field experiments were conducted in Experimental Farm of Shandong Agricultural University in 2007~2008 and 2008~2009 wheat growing seasons to determine the water consumption characteristics of wheat cultivars with high yield and high water use efficiency under conditions of different soil moisture contents, and to study the effects of soil moisture on water consumption characteristic and grain yield and its physiological basis of different wheat cultivars. In 2007~2008 wheat growing season, eighteen wheat cultivars were used including Liangxing99, Yannong19, Yannong21, Yan2415, Taishan23, Yan5185, Yan5286, Shannong15, Zhouyuan9369, Gaoyou9415, Jimai22, Luyuan301, Tai9818, Limai4, Wennong6, Weimai8, Liaomai19, Shannong8355. Three soil moisture treatments were set in the experiment: the relative soil moisture content of 0~140 cm soil layers at jointing and anthesis stages were 65% and 60% (W0′), 75% and 65%(W1′), 75% and 75% (W2′), respectively. In 2008~2009 wheat growing season, four wheat cultivars with different grain yield and water use efficiency were used. Six soil moisture treatments were set in the experiment: the relative soil moisture content of 0~140 cm soil layers at jointing and anthesis stages were 65% and 60% (W0), 65% and 65%(W1), 70% and 65% (W2), 70% and 70% (W3), 75% and 70% (W4), 75% and 75% (W5), respectively.1 Effects of soil moisture on water consumption characteristics of different wheat cultivars1.1 Division of wheat cultivars with different water consumption characteristicsIn 2007~2008 wheat growing season, the eighteen cultivars were divided into three types by clustering analysis according to grain yield and water use efficiency: GroupⅠ: high yield and high water use efficiency type, included Taishan23, Shannong15, Yan5158, Linmai4, Shannong8355, yan2415. GroupⅡ: high yield and middle water use efficiency type, included Gaoyou9415, Yan5286, Jimai22, Weimai8, Wennong6, Yannong19; GroupⅢ: high yield and low water use efficiency, included Liangxing99, Yannong21, Zhouyuan9369, Liaomai19, Luyuan301, Tai9818.In 2008~2009 wheat growing season, the wheat cultivars of Taishan23 and Shannong15 in groupⅠ, Jimai22 in groupⅡ, Yannong21 in groupⅢwere used to further study the water consumption characteristics of wheat.1.2 Water consumption characteristics of different wheat cultivarsAmong treatments of each wheat cultivar, treatments W2′and W5 had the highest total water consumption amount, and lower soil water consumption amount than other treatments.Treatments W2′and W5 of Shannong15 (GroupⅠ) had significant higher soil water consumption amount and the ratio of precipitation to total water consumption amount than other irrigation treatments, and had the highest water consumption amount and water consumption amount per day from jointing to anthesis and from anthesis to maturity, and had highest water consumption percentage from anthesis to maturity. Treatment W5 of Taishan23 (GroupⅠ) had lower soil water consumption amount and the ratio of precipitation to total water consumption amount than other irrigation treatments, and had the higher water consumption amount and water consumption amount per day from jointing to anthesis and from anthesis to maturity than other treatments.Treatments W2′and W5 of Jimai22 (GroupⅡ) had lower soil water consumption amount and the ratio of precipitation to total water consumption amount were significantly than other irrigation treatments. The water consumption amount and water consumption amount per day of treatment W2′from jointing to anthesis and from anthesis to maturity were higher than other irrigation treatments. Treatment W4 had higher water consumption amount, water consumption percentage and water consumption amount per day at jointing to anthesis stage than other irrigation treatments. Treatment W3 had higher water consumption amount, water consumption percentage and water consumption amount per day from anthesis to maturity than other treatments.Treatments W2′and W5 of Yannong21 (GroupⅢ) had lower soil water consumption amount and the ratio of precipitation to total water consumption amount than other irrigation treatments, and had higher Water consumption amount and water consumption amount per day from jointing to anthesis and from anthesis to maturity than other irrigation treatments. Treatments W1′and W4 had higher water consumption percentage from jointing to anthesis than other irrigation treatments. Treatment W2′and W1 had higher water consumption percentage from anthesis to maturity than other treatments. Treatment W3 had lower water consumption amount and irrigation amount than other treatments, and had higher soil water consumption amount and water consumption percentage from jointing to anthesis than other treatments, and had the highest water consumption amount and water consumption amount per day from jointing to anthesis.Among wheat cultivars of the same soil moisture condition, water consumption amount of Shannong15 and Taishan23 was higher than that of Jimai 22 and Yannong21.Under the condition of irrigation at jointing stage (W1′and W4), soil water consumption amount of Shannong15 in 0~100 cm soil layers during the total growth stage was higher than that of other wheat cultivars, and soil water consumption amount of Yannong21 in 100~120 cm soil layers during the total growth stage was lower than that of other wheat cultivars. There was no significant difference in soil water consumption amount in 120~200 cm soil layers during the total growth stage among wheat cultivars. Under the condition of the treatment with 75% relative soil moisture content at jointing stage and anthesis stage respectively, soil water consumption amount of Shannong15 in 0~100 cm soil layers during the total growth stage was higher than that of other wheat cultivars, soil water consumption amount of Yannong21 in 100~200 cm soil layers during the total growth stage was higher than that of Shannong15 and Jimai22.2 Effects of soil moisture on root activity and physiological characteristics of flag leaf of different wheat cultivarsThe root activity of treatment W5 was significantly higher than that of other treatments. In the treatment W5, root activity of Taishan23 at anthesis stage was the lowest among wheat cultivars. Under the condition of treatment W3, root activity of Yannong21 at anthesis stage was the highest. And there was no significant difference in root activity at grain filling stage among different wheat cultivars.Treatments W2′and W5 had the highest photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate , Gs and grain filling rate showed as a single speak in flag leaf at late grain filling period. Treatments W4 and W5 had higher relative water content and water potential of flag leaf at late grain filling period than treatment W0. Treatment W5 had higher sucrose content from the 14th and 35th day after anthesis and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity from the 7th to 21st day after anthesis of flag leaves than other irrigation treatments. 3 Effects of soil moisture on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation amount, distribution and transportation of different wheat cultivarsTreatments W2′and W5 of Shannong15 and Taishan23 had higher dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity stages than other treatments. The treatments W2′and W5 of Shannong15 and the treatments W4 of Taishan23 had higher dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution ratio to grain than other treatments. Treatments W2′and W5 of Jimai22, had higher dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity stages, dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution ratio to grain than other treatments. Treatments W2′and W4 of Yannong21 had higher dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity stages, dry matter translocation ratio after anthesis than other treatments. Treatment W3 had higher dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution ratio to grain than other treatments.Compared among different wheat cultivars, the dry matter distribution amount and ratio of different organs at maturity stage showed as grain > stem + sheath + leaves > spike axis + glume. Under the condition with 75% relative soil moisture content at jointing and anthesis stages, the dry matter distribution amount of grain showed as Jimai 22 > Shannong15,Taishan23 > Yannong21. And the contribution ratio of dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis to grain showed as Jimai 22, Shannong15 > Taishan23 > Yannong21,Treatment W2′had the highest nitrogen accumulation amount of vegetative organs and grain at maturity stage. Treatment W2′of Shannong15 and Jimai 22 had the highest nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs to grain and its nitrogen translocation efficiency. However, treatment W0′of Yannong21 had the highest nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs to grain and its nitrogen translocation efficiency and nitrogen contribution proportion. Compared among different wheat cultivars, nitrogen accumulation amount of vegetative organs and grain at maturity stage and nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs to grain of Yannong 21 were the highest. 4 Effects of soil moisture on grain yield, water use efficiency and quality ofdifferent wheat cultivars4.1 Grain yield and water use efficiency of different wheat cultivarsCompared among different treatments, treatments W2′and W5 ofShannong15 (GroupⅠ) had the highest grain yield, water use efficiency andirrigation benefit. Treatments W2′and W5 of Taishan23 (GroupⅠ) had thehighest grain yield, and treatments W1′and W5 had the highest water useefficiency were highest, and treatments W1′and W2 had the highest irrigationbenefits.Treatments W2′and W5 of Jimai22 (GroupⅡ) had the highest grain yield,but treatments W0′and W5 had the highest water use efficiency, and theirrigation benefit of treatments W1′and W1 was the highest. Treatments W2′and W5 of Yannong21 (GroupⅢ) had the highest grain yield, but treatmentsW1′and W3 had the highest water use efficiency, and the irrigation benefit oftreatments W2′and W3 was the highest.Compared among wheat cultivars, under the condition with 75% relative soilmoisture content at jointing and anthesis stages respectively, the grain yieldshowed as Shannong15 > Taishan23 > Jimai22 > Yannong21, and the water useefficiency showed as Jimai22 > Shannong15 > Taishan23 > Yannong21. Underthe condition with 75% relative soil moisture content at jointing and anthesisstages respectively, Shannong15 had higher grain yield and water useefficiency. Under the condition with 70% relative soil moisture content atjointing and anthesis stages respectively, Yannong21 had higher grain yield andhighest water use efficiency.4.2 Grain protein content and starch content of different wheat cultivarsCompared among treatments, treatments W2′and W3 of Shannong15 andtreatments W1′and W0 of Taishan23 had higher ratio of amylopectin toamylase than other treatments, and treatments W1′and W3 of Jimai22 had thehighest ratio of amylopectin to amylase, treatments W1′and W2 of Yannong21had the highest ratio of amylopectin to amylase. Compared among wheat cultivars, the ratio of amylopectin to amylase of Taishan23 and Jimai 22 was higher than that of Shannong15 and Yannong21.Compared among wheat cultivars, grain protein content of treatment W1′was the highest, and the treatment W2′of Shannong15 and Jiami22 had the highest grain protein yield, and there was no significant difference on grain protein yield among treatments of Yannong 21. The treatment W0′of Shannong15, W1′of Jimai 22 and W2′of Yannong had the highest water absorption rate, dough developing time, dough stability time and sedimentation value. Compared among wheat cultivars, the grain protein content and protein yield of Yannong21 were significantly higher than those of Shannong15 and Jimai22, and the dough developing time, dough stability time and sedimentation value of Jimai22 were lower than those of Shannong15 and Yannong21.