The Coal Mining Industry Of Hebei In Qing Dynasty

Coal is an important energy resource in the world.In the vast land of China, theNorth and the South of China generally produced coal.The large-scale exploitation ofcoal in the Hebei region is expanded in the Qing Dynasty.From the mid-17th century tothe second half of the19th century,after200years of development,not only the scaleand the yield achieved unprecedented success, and the people of the Qing Dynastyimprove the management and operation of the coal mine.The coal mining industry hadreached a very high level, as the outstanding representatives of the traditional coalmining industry.Development of coal mining industry in Hebei of the Qing Dynastyoccupies an important position in the Chinese tradition of the history of thedevelopment of the coal mining industry and, therefore, a comprehensive understandingof the development of traditional coal mining industry in Hebei, and we study it so thatwe can better explore the Qing Dynasty and even the development of the coal miningindustry in ancient China.This paper examines from shunzhi years to Guangxu early years of the coal miningindustry in Hebei.Sorting and classification of the coal mining industry,the author has apreliminary understanding of coal distribution, coal mining, national coal minedevelopment and marketing policy, coal business and marketing and so on.The article isdivided into three parts, structure is as follows:Chapter one introduced the Qing Dynasty in Hebei distribution and exploitation ofcoal, is a fundamental part of this article.This chapter is divided into three sections: howpeople recognize coal, coal distribution and coal mining technology.Section II in tabularform to show the the Hebei region’s major coal producing visually.The second chapteras the focus of this article.This chapter is divided into two parts discusses coaldevelopment policy and coal marketing policies.First of all, to clarify before theQianlong era the ban mines policy was major policy.After the Qianlong fifth years, the“Merchants mining policy” slowly began to go into effect,“Give vote” has become animportant measure of the coal mining industry.Second, discusses the measuresimplementation of the levy versus and reduce coal tribute in the coal marketing process.The third chapter account marketing conditions of the Qing Dynasty in Hebeicoal: coal transportation, coal basic purposes, the price of coal, and the relationshipbetween the coal and the people, in order to form the overall awareness of the coalmining industry in Hebei.This paper concludes that: The Hebei region’s coal mining industry is to bedeveloped in the Qing Dynasty and has made great achievements, the scale of its coalmining, coal production, coal mine operators and the government on the production,transportation and marketing of coal mine management are getting more sophisticated,and reached the highest level of development of the traditional coal mining industry,even in new coal mining industry in the introduction of the West still have to takeadvantage of the merits of the indigenous coal mining to reduce costs, Therefore, thedevelopment of the coal mining industry in Hebei as the development of a model of theQing Dynasty’s traditional coal mining industry.