An Investigation Of Nasalance Percentage Of Sonorant In The Wu Dialect

In this paper, we use Nasometer to study nasalance percentage of Wu dialect. Study the nasal energy of voiced consonant and nuclear vowel. We study Suzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Jinhua and Yiwu dialect. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:1the nasalance percentage of vowel:(1) We have come to the sequence of intrinsic nasality in each dialect:Suzhou/i/>/y/>/(?)/>/E/>/a/>/(?),u/>/(?)/>/Y>/(?)/>/o/;Shanghai/i/>/A/>/y/>/(?)/>/E/>/(?)/>/u,o/>/(?)/;Hangzhou/i/>/a/>/(?)/>/(?)/>/E,(?),u/>/(?)/>/o/;Ningbo/a/>/i/>/ε/>/e/>(?)/>/y>/(?)/>/(?),(?)/>/γ>/u/>/o/;Wenzhou/a/>/i/>/y, e/>/(?)>/e, u/>/(?), o/>/(?)/;J inhua/i/>/y,a/>/(?)/>/ε/>/γ/>/(?),u/>/o/;Yiwu/i/>/a/>/y/>/e/>/(?), ε,(?),(?)/>/o/>/u/. Like the Beijing dialect, the different positions of the tongue affect the intrinsic nasality of the vowels.The intrinsic nasality of front vowels and low vowels is larger than the back vowels and high vowels.However, there are differences. Front vowels like/(?)/and/Y/in Wu dialect is also low in intrinsic nasality. The initials impact the intrinsic nasality of vowel.Aspirated voiceless consonant makes the vowel in lower nasalance percentage.(2) Combine nasality of vowels:We discuss the influence of different tones and initials about the combine nasality of vowels.The tone affects vowel nasalization degrees, performance:the high-pitched vowel nasalization degrees greater than the low.The onset also affects the combine nasality of vowels:syllable-initial nasals>voiceless onsets>lateral sound.(3)The nasal vowels in the new Wu dialect:/a/and/a/are nasalized vowels in Shanghai dialect; however, they are oral vowels in Suzhou dialect./a/,/5/and/u/are oral vowels in Ningbo dialect./E/in Hangzhou dialect and/a/in Jinhua dialect partly are nasalized vowels.2the nasalance percentage of voiced consonants:Suzhou/n/:91>/n, m,η/:88>/l/:22; Shanghai/n/:92>/n/:91>/m/:83>/(?)/:81>/l/:20;Hangzhou/n/:95>/n/:93>/m/:92>/(?)/:91>/l/:37:Ningbo/n/:86>/n/:80>/(?)/:78>/m/:74>/l/:18:Wenzhou/n/:85>/(?)/:74>/m/:70>/n/:57>/l/:18:Jinhua/n/:96>/n/:91>/m/:90>/l/:39;Yiwu/n/:77>/n/:68>/m/:64>/l/:6.The nasalance percentage of voiced consonants is more than80in Suzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou and Jinhua dialect.The initials nasal are real nasal in the four dialects. Ningbo dialect and Wenzhou dialect are partly reserved real nasal. The syllable-initial nasals are weakened in Yiwu dialect.The greater degree of the opening of vowels, and then the lower degree of the syllable-initial nasals.This is the same as the Beijing dialect.3the nasalance percentage of syllable-final nasals:There are two syllable-final nasals (/-n/,/-η/) in Suzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou and Yiwu dialect.Then only one (/-η/) in Ningbo, Wenzhou and Jinhua dialect.The nasalance percentage of syllable-final nasals/-n/is more than80in Suzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou dialect, and/-η/is weakened. The/-n/is67, and/-η/is54in Yiwu dialect.Add weakening rate and expulsion rate,as follows:Suzhou/-n/:21%+13%=34%,/-η/:27%+16%=43%;Shanghai/-n/:25%+0%=25%,/-η/:67%+0%=67%;Hangzhou/-n/:15%+5%=20%,/-η/:14%+25%=39%;Yiwu:/-n/83%+14%=97%,/-η/36%+64%=100%;Jinhua/-η/13%+0.5%=13.5%;Ningbo/-η/:46%+29%=75%;Wenzhou/-η/34%+64%=100%. The stability of syllable-final nasals in Jinhua dialect is the highest; weakening rate and expulsion rate is the lowest. The tone affects the nasalized degree of nasal coda. The falling tone nasal coda most unstable, manifested as lowest degree of nasalization, weakening rate and expulsion rate is the highest.This is consistent with the diachronic changes,however,now is still developing.