| In order to explore the best covering material and technique in Weibei dryland apple orchards of the Loess Plateau. The 8-year-old field-cultivated Fuji was used as test materials in qian county. Six treatments of black film covering in the slight ridge with maize stalk in the ditch, film covering only in the slight ridge, no covering in the slight ridge, ground cloth, plastic film and the control were conducted. By 2 years measuring soil moisture, temperature, and the production and analyzing the effects of ground cloth mulching on soil water, temperature, production quality and measuring the content of soil respiration and microbial carbon, So that scientific soil management basis can be provided for weibei dry plateau orchard. the main results were as following:1.During apple trees growing season in 2012, film in the slight ridge with maize stalk in the furrow and film in the slight ridge respectively saved water 50.9 and 42.3 mm compared with no mulching in the slight ridge, in 2013 respectively saved water 89.5 and 12.5 mm compared with no mulching in the slight ridge. Ground cloth and plastic respectively saved water 35.1 and 28.9 mm compared with no mulching during the reproductive period. Micro rainwater harvesting technology and Ground cloth significantly increased the soil moisture content.2.Plastic mulching significantly increase 0 ~ 25 cm soil layer temperature during the fruit trees blossom. In spring, 0~25 cm soil layer average soil temperature ground cloth and plastic film improved temperature by 2.8 ℃ and 4.5 ℃ compared with the control. In summer, 0~25 cm soil layer average soil temperature ground cloth and plastic film reached 27.9 ℃ and 33.2 ℃, respectively improving by-0.3 ℃ and 4.1 ℃ compared with control.3. The ground cloth significantly increased the soil respiration intensity, all treatments reached the highest in August in which the soil respiration intensity of the ground cloth, plastic mulching and CK respectively was 1.02 g/m2 / h, 0.98 g/m2 / h and 0.59 g/m2 / h and ground cloth and plastic mulching were 72.9% and 66.1% higher than the control. Diurnal variation of soil respiration in ground cloth and plastic covering treatments in apple orchard was single-peak cure. It reached the highest at 14:00 in a daily variation. Microbial carbon conten in 0~100 cm soil layer in the ground cloth and plastic mulching is 18.2% and 14.7% higher than control respectively.4. Throught two years experiment at same place, film in the slight ridge with maize stalk in the furrow has the highest yield and water use efficiency, 2 year average yield and water use efficiency were 21223.5 kg·hm-2, 42.0 kg·mm-1·hm-2, which were 12.5%, 21.0% and 40.8%, 59.7% higher than film in the slight ridge and no covering in the slight ridge. The ground cloth and plastic mulching respectively increased yield by 34.9%, 24.9% compared with control. The ground cloth simultaneously improved fruit trees leaf net photosynthesis rate, stomata conductance, soluble solids content, intercellular CO2 concentration, the soluble solid content, fruit brightness and red degree, reduced the fruit acidity.5. Through effects of different mulching on soil moisture, temperature and yield, soil respiration, microbial carbon and water use efficiency in an apple orchard in weibei highland. the results show that film in the slight ridge with maize stalk in the furrow treatment made full use of rainfall and remission the drough of soil, significantly increased the fruit yield, improved water use efficiency, So it is high efficient cultivation mode in apple orchards. Ground cloth is a new type of mulching material,it has no pollution, saves work time, improves fruit tree productionand quality. So it can significantly improve the economic benefits of orchard. |
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