| ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate pesticide residues in Marketed Vegetables in Shandong Province during 2011-2013, to explore and compare the detective and excessive rates of different pesticides in these three years. And evaluating human health risk of pesticide residues through vegetables intake. The findings of this study will help to provide the reference for making and revising the food related safety standards and intervention policies.MethodsMulti-stage stratified sampling method was used to randomly select samples including eight kinds of vegetables as follows:cabbage, cucurbits (cucurbitaceae), stem class, root tubers, Bulb, Solanaceous fruit (noncucurbitaceae), fresh beans and leaf vegetables in 17 cities of Shandong province.17,24 and 43 kinds of pesticide residues were determined in 2011,2012 and 2013, according to the standard procedure in<Monitoring Manualon Chemical Contaminants in Food and Harmful Factors>. Judging the excessive pesticide residues in vegetables according to GB 2763-2012<The National Food Safety Standards-Maximum Limits of Pesticide Residues in Food>. Risk coefficient method was used to assess excessive risk of all kinds of pesticide. IFSc method and @ risk software that based on monte-carlo simulation were used to evaluate the risk of pesticide exposure through vegetable intake. Chi-square test was used for the comparison of the detective and excessive rates of different pesticides in each kinds of vegetables in three years.Results1. The detective and excessive rates of all kinds of pesticides during 2011 to 2013The detective rates of organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides and organochlorine pesticides in 2011 were as follows:11.236%, 10.487%,7.865%,0.375%, and the excessive rates were 5.243%,5.618%,0.749%, 0% respectively. The detective rate of organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides, organochlorine pesticides in 2012 were as follows: 18.16%,11.138%,17.191%,0%, and the excessive rates were 6.538%,10.412%, 0%,0% respectively. The detective rate of organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides in 2013 were as follows:10.462%,8.011%,15.551%, and the excessive rates were 3.20%,0.565%,0.848% respectively.The detective rates of carbofuran and organophosphorus pesticides were higher than others in each years. The banned pesticides including carbofuran, BHC, chlorazol phosphorus were still detected in some vegetables or even exceeding the MRLs.2. The detective and multi-residual rates of pesticides in each kinds of vegetables during 2011 to 2013A total of eight kinds of vegetables including cabbage, cucurbit (cucurbitaceae), tubers, root tubers, bulbs, solanaceous (non cucurbitaceae), fresh beans and leafy vegetables were detected. The detective rates of pesticide residues were 0%,0%, 35.938%,0%,32.813%,0%,17.593%,0% respectively and the multi-residual rates of pesticide residues were 0%,0%,18.75%,0%,7.813%,0%,5.556%,0% respectively in 2011.The detective rates of pesticide residues were 17.949%,14.754%,40.625%, 31.429%,34.694%,22.807%,30.952%,32.653% respectively and the multi-residual rates of pesticide residues were10.256%,9.836%,12.5%,20%,14.286%,8.772%, 16.667%,19.388% respectively in 2012.The detective rates of pesticide residues were 18.898%,17.308%,31.035%,16.084%,34.091%,23.270%,34.259%,30.556% respectively, and the multi-residual rates of pesticide residues were 8.661%,8.654%, 21.839%,5.245%,17.046%,6.918%,13.889%,12.302% respectively in 2013. The detective and excessive rats of stem vegetables were the highest in three years. The detective rate of pesticide residues in stem vegetables was the highest in 2011 and 2012, and the multi-residual rate of pesticide residues in stem vegetables was the highest in 2013. The pesticide multi-residues were widespread in all kinds of vegetables. A sample of ginger was even checked out 18 kinds of pesticide residues.3. The risk coefficient of all kinds of pesticides during 2011 to 2013According to the risk coefficient method, In 2011, the risk coefficients of carbofuran and dimethoate were above 2.5, as the high risk.The risk coefficients of chlorpyrifos, methamidophos, omethoate were between 1.5 and 2.5, as the moderate risk; The risk coefficients of other pesticide were below 1.5, as the low risk. In 2012, the risk coefficients of carbofuran omethoate, monocrotophos were above 2.5, as the high risk. The risk coefficients of dichlorvos, phorate, ammonium phosphate, chlorpyrifos, parathion, methamidophos, acephate were between 1.5 and 2.5, as the moderate risk. The risk coefficients of other pesticide were below 1.5, as the low risk. In 2013, the risk coefficients of carbofuran, dimethoate were above 2.5, as the high risk. The risk coefficients of chlorpyrifos, methamidophos, omethoate were between 1.5 and 2.5, as the moderate risk. The risk coefficients of other pesticide were below 1.5, as the low risk. According to a data integration of the detection of 15 kinds of pesticide in all three years,we find that only the risk coefficient of carbofuran was above 2.5, as the high risk. The risk coefficients of Omethoate, phorate, chlorpyrifos, acephate were between 1.5 and 2.5, as the moderate risk. The risk coefficients of other pesticide were R< 1.5, as the low risk.4. Health risk assessment of pesticide residues exposure in vegetablesAccording to method of IFSc, the IFSc value of isazofos in 2011,omethoate in 2012, isazofos in 2013 were between 0 and 2.452, between 1.177 and 1.665, between 0.1360 and 3.393 respectively, may below 1. The probability distribution curves of selected pesticides exposures by Monte-Carlo Method indicate:According to the exposure doses per day of pesticides from vegetables in percentile of 50%,90%,95% and 99% of the group, When take the no detected value as 0, omethoate exposure levels were lower than 5.552×10-5mg/kg.bw/d,2.656×10-4mg/kg.bw/d, 3.696×10-4mg/kg.bw/d,6.302×10-4mg/kg.bw/d, and safety coefficients were between 0.476 and 5.403 in 2012, chlorine exposure levels were lower than 1.097×10-6 mg/kg.bw/d,5.151×10-6mg/kg.bw/d,7.077×10-6 mg/kg.bw/d,1.247×10-5mg/kg.bw/d, and safety coefficients were between 4.010 and 45.578 in 2013. According to the exposure doses per day of pesticides from vegetables in percentile of 50%,90%,95% and 99% of the group, When take the no detected value as LOD, chlorine exposure levels were lower than 3.484×10-5mg/kg.bw/d,3.922×-5mg/kg.bw/d, 4.114×10-5mg/kg.bw/d,4.551×10-5mg/kg.bw/d, safety coefficients were between 1.099 and 1.435 in 2011. Omethoate exposure levels were lower than 3.728×10-5mg/kg.bw/d,1.038×10-44mg/kg.bw/d,1.442×10-4mg/kg.bw/d, 2.795×10-4 mg/kg.bw/d, safety coefficients were between 1.079 and 8.047, in 2012. Chlorine exposure levels were lower than 3.483 ×10-5mg/kg.bw/d, 9.608×10-5mg/kg.bw/d,1.345×10-4 mg/kg.bw/d,2.687×10-4 g.bw/d, the safety indexes were between 0.186 and 1.395 in 2013. IFSc of 15 kinds of pesticides detected in all three years from vegetables were all below 1 and Safety coefficients were all above 1, the safety states were acceptable.Conclusions1. Excessive rates of organophosphorus pesticides and carbofuran as one kind of carbamate pesticides were the highest in all kinds of pesticides in vegetables samples during 2011 to 2013. Pyrethroids showed higher detective rate but lower excessive rate. Compared with result of 2011 and 2012, the detective and excessive rates of all kind of pesticides showed significant descending trend in 2013.2. The detective and excessive rates of pesticide residues in stem vegetables was the highest in these three years especially in 2011 and 2012.And all kinds of vegetables have different degrees of multi-residual rates.3. Carbofuran was the only type of high-risk pesticide among 15 types of pesticide detected in all three years. Omethoate, phorate, chlorpyrifos, acephate were moderate-risk pesticides.4. According to the exposure doses per day of 15 kinds of pesticides detected in all three years from vegetables in percentile of 50%、90%,95%,99% of people, safty coefficients were all above 1 and the safety states were acceptable.5. Part kinds of banned pesticides were still detected in some vegetables. |
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