Studies On The Interactions Among Phaseolous Vulgaris L., Frankliniella Occidentalis(Pergande) And Orius Similis Zheng

The western flower thrips(WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)(Thysanoptera: Thripideae), is one of the quarantine alien species in the world. It has extensive host range including more than 500 kinds of flowers, vegetables, fruit trees and other crops in 60 species. Orius similis Zheng plays an important role in the biocontrol of pest because of the large meal size and high ingestion rate in thrips, aphids, spider mites, whiteflies and eggs of Lepidoptera insects and so on. More and more people pay attention to the interaction between insects and plant volatiles with the continuous development of chemical ecology of insects. Plant volatiles not only help to phytophagous insects searching for host plants, also can attract the predators and contribute to the habitat selection. According to the attractableness or repellency of plant volatiles to insects, by means of the way of environmental protection like push-pull strategy to pest control has become a hot research. In this paper, the investigation and identification on the species of Orius Wolff in the farmland in Guizhou Province was studied, and observations on antennal sensilla of O. similis with scanning electron microscopy was also determined. At the same time, analysis of volatiles compounds from Kidney Bean infested by F. occidentalis and different treatments was detected. In addition, the effects of different volatiles induced on the defensive proteins of P. vulgaris were analyzed. Finally, combining the behavioral responses of F. occidentalis and O. similis to Kidney Bean under different treatments and its volatiles to further verification were confirmed. The results were as follow:1 Investigation and identification on the species of Orius Wolff in the farmland in Guizhou ProvinceThe species of Orius Wolff on different vegetables and crops were investigated and identified in Guizhou province from 2013 to 2014. The results showed that there were 10 species of Orius on 19 different kinds of plants and O. similis was found on 13 kinds of plants, which indicated that O. similis was the most common species in Guizhou province.2 Observations on antennal sensilla of O. similis zheng with scanning electron microscopy O.similis is a promising predator of the pests in fields as a result of the high predation ability.The antenna of O. similis adults and nymphs were filiform and it divided scape, pedicel and flagellum. There were five kinds of sensilla on the antennae: sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica,sensilla basiconaca, sensilla bent-tipped and sensilla auricillica.Both of sensilla trichodea and sensilla chaetica could be divided into two types.The sensilla auricillica was first found in the Hemipterous insects. Sexual dimorphism in adult sensilla was apparent. Males had significantly more sensilla than females and 5th instar nymphs were less than adults. The quantity and distribution of each kind of sensillum differed in different segments of the antenna.3 Analysis of volatiles compounds from Kidney Bean infested by F.occidentalis and different treatmentsUsing solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS, 6 kinds of treatments about components and contents of kidney bean volatiles which included healthy bean(CK), mechanical damaged bean(MD), bean damaged by thrips nymph(DFNF), bean damaged by thrips adult(DFAF),bean induced by exogenous jasmonic acid(JA) and methyl salicylate(Me SA) respectively were studied. The results showed that components and contents of volatiles released by kidney bean under different treatments had significant differences. It was found 82 kinds of volatiles mainly about aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ketones and alkenes etc..Two, including(Z)-3-Hexenol and(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate were detected in six different kinds of treatments.4 Effects of different volatiles induced on the defensive proteins of P. vulgarisThe defensive enzyme activity of P. vulgari increased after plant was infected by 8 typical volatile chemicals respectively. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalnine ammonialyase activity increased after induced by Isopentanol, and reached peak at 48 h, 72 h, 96 h and 96 h respectively. Induced by 3-methyl-Butanal increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalnine ammonialyase reached the maximum at 72 h. The activity of catalase, peroxidase, phenylalnine ammonialysae and β-1,3-glucanase were rapidly to peak within the kidney bean leaf induced by cyclopentanol after 24 h. The dynamic of activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and phenylalnine ammonialyase induced by(Z)-3-Hexenol were similar with that of(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalnine ammonialyase induced by 1-Octen-3-ol reached peak at 72h、72h、96h and 72 h respectively, then activity decreased. Induced by(E)-2-Hexenal could cause superoxide dismutase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase increased as time went by.volatiles 5 Behavioral responses of F. occidentalis to Kidney Bean under different treatments and itsThe main results showed that F. occidentalis had different responses to different treatments of kidney bean.Compared with clean air(A), kidney bean induced by JA and Me SA had strong repellency to F. occidentalis, while F. occidentalis didn’t show significant response to other treatments. F. occidentalis significantly responded to the odors of CK and MD. The preference of F. occidentalis was not significant different between CK and MD. Kidney bean induced by JA and Me SA had strong repellency to F. occidentalis than other treatments, and the effect of JA was less than Me SA. Among 8 kinds of reference samples tested,(Z)-3-Hexenol always showed strong attractableness to F. occidentalis at 5 concentration levels. α-Tetpinolene, 1-Octen-3-ol,(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate and Isopentanol showed strong attract to F. occidentalis just at appropriate concentrations. However,(Z)-3-Hexenal, Cyclopentanol and 3-methyl-Butanal displayed repellency to F. occidentalis at any concentrations.6 Behavioral responses of O. similis to Kidney Bean under different treatments and its volatilesThe behavioral response of adult of O. similis to 6 kinds of kidney bean respectively were studied by Y-tube olfactometer and the response of O. similis to 8 standard samples of volatiles at different concentrations were assessed too. The results showed that O. similis had different responses to different treatments of kidney bean. Compared with clean air(A), kidney bean induced by JA and Me SA, bean damaged by thrips nymph(DFNF) and adult(DFAF) had strong attractableness to O. similis, while O. similis didn’t show significant response to two other treatments. O. similis significantly responded to the odors of DFNF and DFAF, and the male of O. similis was much stronger than the female in the DFAF JA and Me SA. Compared with MD, The preference of the female of O. similis had strong attractableness to DFNF, DFAF,JA, Me SA respectively, but the male had different between DFNF and DFAF. Kidney bean induced by JA and Me SA had no different to O. similis than other treatments, and the effect of Me SA was less than JA. Among 8 kinds of reference samples tested, Cyclopentanol and(Z)-3-Hexenol showed no response to O. similis at 5 concentration levels, but(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate and(Z)-3-Hexenal were on the contrary. 3-methyl-Butanal, 1-Octen-3-ol, α-Tetpinolene showed strong attract to O. similis just at appropriate concentrations. However, Isopentanol displayed repellency to O. similis at one concentration.