| The study area is the main rice planting area in Shenyang and takes the field sampling measurement,literature review,questionnaire survey and telephone interview as well as the face to face communication way to analyze and study the level difference on the rice production and yield potentials,level of production technology and promotion strategy and the regional characteristics of rice quality. The yield levels include four levels which are the highest photo-period and temperature theoretical yield(YM),typical high-yield(Ye)(high-yield record, high-yield creation, the yield of high yielding farmers) the regional trail yield (Yv),the field yield (Yf). The level of production technology includes the scale and benefit of planting regional distribution, the level of mechanization, the green production technology on saving fertilizer and pesticides, the direct seeding cultivation technique and so on. Rice samples were collected from 12 city area of the 6 rice production sub-regions in Shenyang. The test and analysis indicators includes processing index, appearance index, physico-chemical properties, nutrition and taste index. After the comprehensive analysis and research, the results are as follows:1:The highest photo-period and temperature theoretical yield from different rice regions in Liaoning province is at the 1455 kg/mu to 1723.3kg/mu. In the typical high-yield, the average level of the high-yield record from 12 high-yield event is 840.7 kg/mu, and the highest yield is 1075 kg/mu. The high-yield creation stated the results of the rice high-yield for nearly five years in Liaoning province and fund the range-ability is from 726.2kg/mu to 810.4kg/mu, with an average of 761.6kg/mu. The yield of high yielding farmers measured 500 samples from high-yield farmers in high-yield town of 5 main rice producing counties in Liaohe plain of Liaoning province from the year of 2014 to 2015, and the range-ability is from 635.7kg/mu to 834.6kg/mu with an average of 734.2kg/mu. The data of regional trail yield was derived from the mid-maturity group and mid-late maturity group in Liaoning province of the past two years. The field yield counted the annual average yield over the past decade in Liaoning province, the range-ability is from 450.3kg/mu to 572.2kg/mu, with an average of 508.7kg/mu.On average, the yield-level difference are as follows, the yield-gap I (Yv-Yf) is 115.7kg/mu, the range-ability of the yield-gap II is from 109.8kg/mu to 216.3kg/mu, the range-ability of the yield-gap III is from 778.7kg/mu to 885.2kg/mu. At the extreme level, the yield-gap I is 145.4kg/mu, the range-ability of the yield-gap II is from 117.0kg/mu to 357.4kg/mu, the range-ability of the yield-gap III is from 648.3kg/mu to 888.7kg/mu. Thus, the yield-increasing potential of the rice field-yield and the highest real-yield level(typical high-yield) is from 225.5kg/mu to 332kg/mu, and the yield-increasing potential of the highest photo-period and temperature theoretical yield is 1110.7kg/mu. And at the extreme level, the yield-increasing potential of the rice field-yield and the highest real-yield level(typical high-yield) is from 262.4kg/mu to 502.8kg/mu, and the yield-increasing potential of the highest real-yield level is 1151.1kg/mu.2:On yield and yield components in the main rice-producing areas in Liaoning province, the yield is gradually increased from North to South, and the panicle number increased gradually as well, and up to the maximum of 500 panicle/m2, but the weight dropped and to the lowest level below 2.5g/panicle. The result showed that the space for the Southern rice to increase the number of granular is larger, and the key to further improve the yield is to increase the number of granular that is we shall pay more attention on the management of panicle fertilizer to increase the granular, full-filled the grain and the weight. But for the Northern rice, the weight is heavier than that in Southern areas but the number is smaller, thus the space for the Northern rice to increase the number of granular is larger, and the key to further improve the yield is to increase the granular that is to focus on the transplanted intensity and number of the seedling and the previous tiller fertilizer management to increase the effective panicles per unit area.3. In terms of regional test results, the control variety Shen Rice No.6 (medium maturing group) and Liaojing 9 (medium-late maturing group) have stable output over the past decade. The yield is around 600kg, with no consideration of the year of climate anomaly. In terms of tested varieties, medium maturing group yield 4% higher than the control variety averagely, while the output in medium-late maturing group increase 3.6%-4.5% than that of the control variety. Both are not up to 5%. The output of control variety is relatively stable, indicating that rice cultivating technology in Liaoning province in recent 10 years did not significantly improve, and the output of tested variety increases slightly, which suggests that rice breeding technology (cultivars) in Liaoning province did not improve evidently in the last decade.4. In terms of the regional characteristics, the castle rice producing area has a significant difference between the inland plain or the mountain land area. On the appearance quality, the chalky rice rate and the chalkiness degree in the castle rice producing area are higher than that in the other areas. Generally, the trend is the rice producing area in castle is equal or greater than that in inland plain or the mountain land area. On the nutrition quality, the amount of protein in the rice that grown in castle area is significantly higher than that in the other areas while the amount of amylose is lower.On the taste value and the comprehensive score on rice, since the appearance and result is different in different year and county, the rice grown in castle areas has no abvious advantage compared to the rice grown in the other areas.On the width and thickness of the rice, grain dry weight that is the size of the rice, and the brown rice rate and the milled rice ration as well as the integral polished rice rate of the rice grown in this area is superior than that in the other areas, the rice is larger, and the grain dry weight and the milled rice rate are pretty high. The orientation for rice in the southern castle plain rice-producing area to make further improvement are to lower the the chalky rice rate and the chalkiness degree, and appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and cut down the amount of the nitrogen and protein as well as improve the taste value. Besides, the orientation for rice in the north-middle plain and mountain land rice-producing area to improve the quality of the rice is to increase the length-width ratio, and strengthen the management during the grain-filling stage and increase the grain plumpness, and improve the processing quality.5. In terms of production technology, rice planting in Liaoning province is still dominated by conventional japonica rice, hybrid rice only occupy a small proportion. In 2015, the proportion of rice planting area of conventional japonica rice is 98%, compared to 2% of the hybrid rice. The provincial mechanical transplanting rate is more than 85%, all of which is blanket mechanical transplanting, manual planting area accounts for 13%. Parachute and manual swing seedling area accounts for approximately 1%, mechanical direct seeding area of about 0.6%, machine harvest rate reaches to 73%. On the whole, most of plain area in Liaoning province owns higher mechanization with the exception of eastern and western part of uplands and hills. Mechanical sowing, planting and harvesting is basically popularized in plain area. The scale and efficiency of main rice planting area in Liaoning are comparatively high with the southern plain rice output value reaching 354 yuan/mu and the Northern plain reaching 616 yuan/mu. In terms of the production unit, there are in total three kinds of scales, namely, small, medium and large, which represent 20-40 mu’s,300 mu’s and 2000-3500 mu’s respectively. Numbers per unit employed are about 2-3 persons. The ages of employees are relatively high, most are 40-55 years old and the oldest even over 65. In the respect of fertilizer and medicine management, the green production technologies characterized by less fertilizer and less medicine are rarely applied, fertilizer and pesticide are excessively used. The development impetus of rice direct seeding and cultivation is apparent, presenting the development trend of extensive and scale production, but the technology is not mature, further research and test are urged to be done. |
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