The Preliminary Research Of The Types Of Ming Dynasty Tombs Used By Officials And Civilians

Because there are so many historical masterpieces and not too long before, the Ming Dynasty archaeological research has long been neglected in China, the researchers of archaeological institutes and universities engaged in this field are rare, only a handful of achievements each year. And main part of those researches tend to focus on the study of large-scale sites and tombs of emperors and his family, from the nationwide perspective, a comprehensive study of the tombs of officials and civilians has not yet seen. Therefore, this paper attempts to research the types of the dated tombs of the Ming Dynasty which have been excavated.The first chapter, foreword. Describes the current classification criteria for the Ming Tombs and research methods. There are two classifications-in accordance with the spatial structure,in accordance with the construction materials and the type of the tombs. In this paper both of them are used. From the early 1950s, the study of the royal tombs of Ming Dynasty already started, the current academic monographs have been published in a dozen. This article will focus on the small and medium sized tombs which we knew the exact chronology of the Ming Dynasty. Reference materials on the basis of archaeological data to study also used.The second chapter, the discovery of Officials and civilians tombs and the Research of Ming Dynasty. The first section describes the discoveries before 1949, the main contents is references by Juxian Wei’s "A Short History of Chinese archeology", this information is limited to the tombs discovered, did not do any academic research. Section Ⅱ recalls important Ming Tomb discoveries since 1949, According to the National Section has published information on the Ming Tomb combined with Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan, Jiangxi and other provinces and more complete information to calculate the rough number of Ming Tombs had excavated.The third chapter, the Ming Dynasty Officials and civilians tomb zoning. Mainly based on the administrative division, geographical factors, cultural differences and the known characteristics of the Ming Tomb of the type, the nation is divided into 6 large areas------Nanjing, the Northeast and the Central Plains, Northwest, Hubei and Hunan, southwest, southeast. And briefly describes the main features of the Ming Tomb districts.The fourth chapter, the Ming Dynasty Officials and civilians tomb typology analysis and staging. According to the characteristics of the district Ming Tomb will be divided into rectangular brick tomb top coupons with double chanbers, vouchers top single-chamber brick tomb, a single room (tied for single room) topped tomb, earthen pit wooden coffin tomb, imitation gatehouse style tomb, tomb murals, soil cave tomb (Tomb of the shoe style), concrete pouring syrup tomb tomb ceremony. The South Zhili region is divided into 3 periods------early, middle and late. From the early Hongwu regin(1372) to Zhengtong thirteenth (1449), from the Jingtai first year (1450) to Hongzhi eighteenth (1505), since the late Zhengde first year (1506) to Chongzhen seventeenth (1644). Southwest and Southeast areas temporarily use Jingtai first year as the sector and divided into two periods. Northeast and Central Plains, Northwest, Hubei and Hunan area because lack of information, so we can’t staging at present.Chapter V, The understanding of Ming Dynasty Officials and civilians tombs. Which is divided into four parts. First, more from the horizontal, the analysis of the geographical features of the Ming Tombs; second, from the longitudinal comparison, Ming Tomb analyze the trends over time; and third, the Ming family has clustered and burial features, provides us with an excellent Staging material; finally, Ming tomb for burial there is a considerable degree of former inheritance and development.Chapter VI, more than theory. The main problem of the process of writing some thinking out of focus representation, these issues deserve attention, but I haven’t did any further research. On the one hand is the author of some preliminary thinking, on the other hand is provide some information and ideas for other researchers.