Research Farm Livelihoods Of Northern Jiangxi In 1930s And 1940s

In this paper, the two aspects of farmers livelihoods, including agriculture and concurrent business. Agriculture is dominated by farming,while concurrent business mainly refers to the planting to agricultural production and a variety of other handicraft industry and sideline production and commercial economic activities.Of course, concurrent business just a saying with respect to the agricultural industry, because in some areas, a number of farmers, compared to handicraft industry and sideline production,agriculture has already become concurrent business, while handicraft industry and sideline production apparently become main business。In the thirties of the 20th century rural China broke out more serious crisis in modern times, known as the "agriculture is agricultural" rural crashes "panic" depressed "the bankruptcy of agriculture"。The reasons for the crisis are discussed, then the existence of two opposing points of view, one is "agricultural technology school scholars such as buck(卜凯),who consider that the crisis caused by the backward agricultural production technology, one is" distribution "scholars such as Chen Han sheng(陈翰笙),Xue Muqiao(薛暮桥),Feng Hefa(冯�'�法),insist that agricultural crisis is caused by the unreasonable land system and relations of production.Based on the above discussion, this paper to archival, survey data and local chronicles for main materials, with the combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, macroscopic and microscopic, comparison method and so on, taking North Jiang xi as an example, on the related issues, as well as farmer’s livelihoods were investigated, the content mainly divided into the following several parts.The first chapter mainly discusses the status of farm land。Scale of cultivated land in northern Jiang xi area of farm management is an average of about 10 acres, small scale and scattered distribution, decentralized, and agricultural production structure showed a "rice domination".These are the rational choice based on the actual conditions, and not the root cause of the crisis of the whole agriculture and thecountryside.In addition, in the north of Jiang xi Province in the vicinity of the land ownership scattered, landlords and rich peasants account for only part of the land, and farmers in other classes held fields accounted for the vast majority. Therefore, it is very difficult to land ownership is highly concentrated in agricultural production decline view on the application in North Jiang xi Province and Jiang xi Province.The second chapter is the focus of this article, mainly to explore the production and operation of farmers.Farmer’s life of poverty, resulting in too little input in agricultural production, agricultural production condition is still a continuation of traditional pattern, rare new factors into,while agricultural production costs accounted for high proportion of harvest, especially the human cost is far greater than other fertilizers, seeds, tools and other factors, resulting in income producing low so that the loss, and decline in crop yield per unit area,From the other side indicates that during this period, agricultural production is characterized by the overall decline, agricultural productivity decline, the status of agricultural production is not optimistic.The reason of agricultural crisis should be more due to Jiangxi area north of the conditions for agricultural production and technology is backward and rural life of poverty, the corresponding weakening of the "allocation pie" scholars of land relations of production caused by the irrational crisis argument.The third chapter mainly takes Nanchang County Xiaolan village(小蓝村)and Feng cheng County Nanhu Village(南湖村)as an example to study the relationship between farmers concurrent business and the livelihood of farmers.Farmers rely solely on the field is unable to maintain the survival of their own needs, and farmers have a lot of free time outside agricultural production, land can not accommodate so many population resulting in surplus labor force, resulting from agricultural transferred out of this part of the labor have to operate non farm sector, so as to acquire more subsistence income.And concurrent business can absorb surplus labor in agriculture, a large number, and the number of practitioners also, but pure farmers and rely entirely on farm income and industry does not account for the majority, there is little farm will be completely separated from the agriculture, basically is maintain agriculture and industry and the combination of the family business model.In addition,the concurrent business is also able to make up the shortage of agricultural income, to maintain the livelihood of farmers, especially for those who are less of the land of the poor.At the same time and concurrent business can earn higher than agricultural business achieved revenue, and therefore become an important way to get rich, expand family reproduction, improve the standard of living,These are why the handicraft industry, commerce and industry and other non agricultural and sideline production can persist for long time.