| The theme is Marx’s conception of nature based on 1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, in which he uses naturalism for the first time. It leads us to rethink the more profound meaning of nature, which refers to the same realization of liberty as communism does. Human presence is the precondition for the natural view with significant range. Secondly, nature means that the state of freedom, principle perceivable, is the solution of all kinds of contradictions in the perceptual world. Thus nature means a historical process. It consists of both the formation of humanized nature and the liberation of the whole perceptual world being generated by human activities. It is the objectification of human nature that completes this process, with the unity of regularity and teleonomy.With the retrospection of the evolution of History of Philosophy, the perceptual world containing the nature and human was to be inquired as a whole from the start point in the Ancient Greek philosophy. In the ancient time, human is to some extent transient and full of contingency compared with nature. The latter has been the formidable and permanent origin of everything. Therefore, Thales renders water as weltstoff, which is no longer the same meaning of a certain natural substance, but to be superior to Anaximander’s existence with theological imagination on the generation section. Subsequently, Heraclitus set up the principle of movement back into the relations inside the world itself. He combined the rule of permanence and being living to the conception of fire in the same transcendental sense with Thales’s water.Marx not only inherits the germ of pursuing the unity of thought and being, but also builds up his base of view of nature on the current situation emerging in the era of modern productivity. In the manuscript, Marx has criticized the nature-in-itself in old materialism. He uses the concept:humanized nature, to take the philosophical view back to the significant world of human being and to manifest the law of necessity which constrains human activity. Furthermore, labor takes its priority in human practice instead of being at a subordinate position in Speculative Philosophy, which leads to the essential condition of practice within the historical and social relationship for the naturalization of the nature and human. Thus communism declares the profound meaning of nature. Marx discusses the determinations of communism that substances are not to be evaluated by its pure usefulness and human activity takes Aesthetic principle. Meantime, as a realistic way of liberation, communism firstly means to abolish private ownership historically, and that the principle of development replaces the externally compulsory and the aim of self-realization replaces the alienation of labor. Consequently, the whole perceptual of human achieves its beginning of realistic free will and becomes the social being based on the extremely affluent possibilities provided by the industrial history. |
