| Biodiversity is one of the most limiting factors for ecosystem services. Biodiversity is the basis for the flow of landscape, it has an important role in climate regulation, soil and water conservation, soil fertility, the material quality and quantity, biological control. The sustainable development of agricultural ecological system is dependent on the biodiversity has been a consensus, and non-agricultural species also inseparable from the micro environment provided by the agricultural landscape. The nature or half natural habitats in agricultural landscape(such as farmland, forest land, border hedges and ditches, etc.) within the perched on animals have important influence.This study selected the Fengqiu County of Henan Province, a typical agricultural region in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, as the research object, according to the actual situation in the study area, on the basis of field investigation, the study area is divided into: agricultural land, forest land, land for roads, towns, rural residential areas, industrial and mining land, rivers, wetlands, pits, tidal flats, ditches and bare land landscape type, a total of 12 kinds, basically can represent the actual situation of Fengqiu county. In May 2013 and April 2014, by the method of trap to study the ground arthropod in the area of farmland, forest land, hedges and ditches, collecting soil samples are analyzed at the same time, and at each sampling using method 1×1 m2 sample to investigate the vegetation.First, in this manuscript, we aimed to investigate the effects of landscape heterogeneity on the diversity of Coleoptera order were investigated at Fengqiu County of Henan Province, a typical agricultural region in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. A total of 47 plots were selected in this study. Patch richness and patch density, calculated by Fragstats package, were selected as indicators of two aspect of landscape heterogeneity – landscape composition and configuration respectively. Nonlinear regressions were applied to analyze the relationship between Coleoptera diversity and landscape heterogeneity within 200 m, 450 m, 750 m, 1000 m, 1250 m, 1500 m, 1750 m and 2000 m radius of the centre of sampling plots with R 2.15.2 and a strongest effects of landscape heterogeneity within 200 m radius was found. According to their the value of patch richness and patch density within 200 m radius, the 47 sampling plots were classified into four groups:(1) high patch density and high patch richness(high configuration heterogeneity and high composition heterogeneity, HCHC),(2) high patch density and low patch richness(high configuration heterogeneity and low composition heterogeneity, HCLC),(3) low patch density and high patch richness(low configuration heterogeneity and high composition heterogeneity, LCHC),(4) low patch density and low patch richness(low configuration heterogeneity and low composition heterogeneity, LCLC).Second, in this paper, the Fengqiu County in Henan Province, a typical agricultural region in the lower reaches of the Yellow River was selected to investigate the effects of agricultural landscape dynamics on species diversity of ground arthropods in woodlands. The Shannon diversity index and species richness were applied to explore the relationships between landscape changes and arthropods diversity from 1984 to 2012. The role of landscape context on ground arthropods diversity of woodlands was evaluated by a multi-model inference(MMI) based on the Akaike information criterion(AIC). Five competing models of landscape context were used to analyze the impacts of landscape context on arthropods. These models included habitat quality(H1, 2012), matrix quality(H2, 2012), habitat change(H3, 1984—2012), matrix quality change(H4, 1984—2012) and soil-environmental conditions(H5, 2012). All of these models were measured respectively at four spatial scales(100, 250, 350 and 500 m) for further examining the impacts of spatial scales on ground arthropods diversity. The relationship between the response variables and the predictor variables was analyzed with the Generalized Linear Models(GLM) in R statistical software. The results as followed.(1) Fengqiu county is given priority to with agriculture landscape, matrix for agricultural land. Farmland occupied 73.48% of the total in 1984, while 2012 agricultural land area decreased, but still account for 67.62% of the total area. The rural residential areas is the second largest in the study area, landscape type, the same area in 1984 and 2012 were 10 416 hm2 and 11 012 hm2, spread in the research area of rural residential land. Non-agricultural habitat in the agricultural landscape, such as the area of forest land and ditches have faster growth, two years were 535 hm2, 814 hm2; 1 508 hm2, 10 417 hm2, the increase of non-agricultural habitat area is beneficial to the local biodiversity protection.(2) In 2013, according to the results of data analysis in the study area of farmland of habitat biodiversity is higher, it has certain difference between different habitats. In four kinds of diversity index, index of farmland are the highest, followed by woodland, besides richness index is higher than the hedge the ditch, the rest of the three types of index is the hedge than ditches. Beta diversity index shows the change range of habitat within the community composition and degree of differentiation, it is found that the woodland habitat community composition change, the largest and highest species diversity between sample, followed by ditches and hedges, the lowest in the farmland.We are analyzed ground arthropod diversity in different habitats. Find that, the highest species richness in the ditch, followed by forest land and farmland, hedges in the least; each habitat diversity index of all ditch in the highest, followed by woodland and farmland, the lowest in the hedge. By calculating the habitat of the beta diversity index, the results showed, in the woodland habitat, the largest of the community composition changes in species composition differences between the same points is highest, followed by ditches and hedges, the lowest in the farmland. The change trend shows that human activities and ecological factors in landscape heterogeneity may play an important role.(3) Through within four habitat ground arthropods and compare different scales landscape index, find the ground arthropods and the correlation between different habitat landscape index scale differences. In farmland habitat, landscape index and the surface of the arthropod most correlation is the scale of the 350 m; Woodland habitat, the landscape index and the ground of the arthropod most correlation is the scale of 100 m; Ditch habitat, the landscape index and the ground of the arthropod correlation is 50 m scale; Hedge habitat, the landscape index correlation with the ground arthropod strongest is 200 m scale.(4) The results showed that landscape configuration heterogeneity and composition heterogeneity affected Coleoptera richness and abundance in 200 m scale most. Coleoptera abundance was highest in HCHC landscape, and configuration heterogeneity had an effect on Coleoptera abundance significantly, Coleoptera richness had no significant difference in diverse composition heterogeneity and configuration heterogeneity landscape. It is concluded that configuration heterogeneity may play an important role on Coleoptera abundance, and in this study area, Coleoptera abundance would be higher in landscape with high configuration heterogeneity.(5) The impacts of landscape context on ground arthropods diversity of woodlands were significantly scale-dependent. Habitat quality(H1) was the highest supported model for explaining Shannon diversity index and species richness of the ground arthropods community at the smaller scale(100 m); while with the increasing of spatial scales, the Shannon diversity index and species richness responded mostly to habitat change quality(H3) in the larger surroundings(250, 350 and 500 m). No significant correlation was observed between matrix quality and soil-environmental conditions(H2 and H5). The responses to landscape context of ground arthropod’s species richness and Shannon diversity index were fairly consistent, and they all responded to the habitat quality significantly. Approximately 40% of the variation in the diversity of ground arthropods was explained by the landscape context. In this study area, habitat quality(H1) may be a good indicator for Shannon diversity index and species richness. The analytical results showed that the historic landscape change also has a predominant influence on the present features of ground arthropods diversity in woodlands, and thus the temporal dynamics of landscape context may help towards a better understanding on the interactions between landscape context change and ground arthropods diversity in woodlands. For better explanation of the effects of landscape context on ground arthropods, further studies should consider additional landscape competing models and multi-scale spatiotemporal analysis. |
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