| This paper based on the several years of soil testing and results of "3414" yield experiment of Huaining.The gross formula and minor adjustment of rice were designed by the principle of nutrient balance.Analysised the effects of formula fertilization and NPK distribution on nutrient uptake rules and yield formed of rice through used the design of randomized blocks.The main results are as follows:(1)The tillering numbers of formula fertilization were higher than conventional fertilization.The plant height of conventional fertilization was growing faster and the highest at early stage of rice,and then growing slowly.Formula fertilization and fertilizer distribution were keeping growth steady,and higher than the conventional fertilization at last,significantly.The greatest impact on plant height and tillering of NPK was nitrogen,followed by phosphorus and potassium.(2)The rice SPAD of each fertilization treatment showed first increase and then decrease,and this in all formula fertilization were higher than conventional fertilization at other growth period except tillering stage.The SPAD's fastigium of conventional fertilization and gross formula were in the jointing stage,while the NPK distribution were in the heading stage.And during this period,the SPAD of NPK distribution were 8.93-9.76% and 3.98-4.78% higher than conventional fertilization and gross formula,respectively.(3)The growth center of rice was leaf at tillering stage,turned to stem at jointing stage(51.04-61.19%),and transferred to the panicle at heading stage gradually(15.62-21.00%),then was panicle at mature stage completely(38.63-45.70%).In addition to tillering period,the aboveground biomass of formula fertilization was significantly higher than that of conventional fertilization in other growth period.The biomass of each treatment at mature stage was the largest,and the NPK distribution were higher 14.46%,13.28% and 5.68% than gross formula significantly.(4)In vegetative stage of rice,the N distributed in leaves,however the P and K distributed in stems.In reproductive stage,the rice growth center and NPK shifted to panicle gradually.The N concentrated in leaves and spikes,while the P concentrated in spikes,the K concentrated in stems,eventually.NP contents of formula fertilization were lower than conventional fertilizer at early growth stage,but increaseing rapidly at heading stage,and significantly higher than conventional fertilization at mature stage.The K content of conventional fertilization was lower than formula fertilization consistently.NPK distribution improved the corresponding element content of rice at late growth stage.At mature stage,nutrient content of panicles were increased N 13.55-15.60%,P 1.95-6.25%,K 1.90-5.53%.(5)The NPK uptake and accumulation of rice showed increasing with the growth process.All treatments had two net absorption peaks,one was jointing stage(N 47.17-56.27%,P 41.05-54.76%,K 43.62-53.04%),another was mature period(N 21.12-28.99%,P 23.34-36.75%,K 24.74-32.85%).The total nutrient accumulation of formula fertilizations were higher than conventional fertilization,significantly(N6.62-18.45%,P5.15-22.56%,K9.35-27.05%).The element absorption of NPK distribution were increased rapidly when topdressed corresponding fertilizer in the later.Each nutrient uptake and accumulat were increased ultimately(N 7.20-8.73%,P 1.93-14.96%,K 2.58-9.04%).(6)The absorption efficiency of NPK of rice in conventional fertilization were significantly higher than conventional fertilization at last.The contribution rate,agronomic use efficiency,partial factor productivity and physiological efficiency of NP in formula fertilization were higher than conventional fertilization,also in addition to the partial factor productivity and physiological efficiency of K were as so.NPK distribution improved the absorption efficiency of NPK respectively(N 18.35-22.25%,P 5.84%-61.22%,K 8.49-34.77%),the contribution rate,agronomic use efficiency,partial factor productivity and physiological efficiency of NPK were improved also.(7)The rice yield of formula fertilization were 6.53-25.72% than conventional fertilization.Compared with gross formula,NPK distribution yield increased 8.09%,15.74% and 18.01%,respectively.Besides gross formula,other treatments' costs were lower than conventional fertilization,but earned 6.53-25.72% than conventional fertilization.NPK distributions made costs lower than gross formula,while benefits increased 133.95-298.45yuan/mu,input-output ratio increased 14.21-24.71%.This paper further proved formula fertilization more scientific and reasonable than conventional fertilization,meanwhile explored the rule of nutrient requirement of rice.Fertilizer distribution improved the rice yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency,achieved the goal of increasing production and efficiency.This provided a theoretical basis for the scientific formula fertilization of rice,and had great significance to Chinese agriculture sustainable development and the action of fertilizers zero growth. |
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