| During 2014-2015 the field experiments were conducted at cigar demonstration garden in Danzhou,Hainan Province.Tests studied the effects of the nitrogen level,ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen ratio on growth,soil nutrient change,the variation of total nitrogen and nicotine content,and the influence of chemical quality after fermentation,neutral aroma substances and the sensory quality of smoking of cigar wrapper,results were as follows: 1 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and quality of cigar wrapperIncreasing nitrogen fertility were significantly increased plant height,stem circumference,maximum leaf length and leaf width in the early growth stage,no nitrogen fertilizer was used in each period of cigar wrapper plant growth were weak.Increasing nitrogen fertility were increased the soil nitrogen content,no nitrogen treatment soil nitrogen content was significantly lower than the other.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on total nitrogen content of cigar wrapper plant culm in the early growth stage,cigar wrapper plant leaves in the late growth stage,and nicotine content of cigar wrapper plant leaves after topping,especially impact on the total nitrogen content of leaves at the late growth stage were particularly evident,the effect of nitrogen level on root were smaller.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on total sugar content,nicotine content and total nitrogen content of cigar wrapper after fermentation were significantly.Increasing nitrogen fertility were reduced total sugar content of middle and upper leaves,increased nicotine content of upper leaves,reduced the ratio of total nitrogen and nicotine content of upper leaves,nicotine content and total nitrogen content of middle leaves were the highest of nitrogen fertilizer application amount 180kg·hm-2 treatment,the ratio of total nitrogen and nicotine content were the highest of nitrogen fertilizer application amount 240kg·hm-2 treatment.The treatment of nitrogen fertilizer application amount 180kg·hm-2 on the ratio of total nitrogen and nicotine content were the highest in upper leaves.Increasing nitrogen fertility were reduced chloride ion content,increased potassium ion content and the ratio of potassium ion content and chloride ion content than no application of nitrogen(T0).And effects of different nitrogen fertility application amount on potassium ion content and chloride ion content of cigar wrapper were not significance,on K / Cl ratio of cigar wrapper were obvious,of which 180 kg· hm-2 treatments K / Cl ratio was the highest,K / Cl ratio of cigar wrapper were declined when the nitrogen fertility application amount was too high or too low.Nitrogen could cause leaves became thinner,and leaves weight reduced,higher nitrogen fertilizer could make cigar wrapper crisp,tensile strength decreased.Nitrogen could increase the equilibrium moisture content of cigar wrapper,but too high,on the other hand.Nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase the total amount of carotenoid degradation products,and the total amount of aromatic amino acid degradation products,improve maillard reaction products of upper leaves,and reduce maillard reaction products,solanoner and other products content of middle leaves.In a certain range,the application of nitrogen fertilizer could significantly improve the aroma quality and aroma of cigar wrapper leaves,and increase the total amount of aroma substances in cigar wrapper leaves.On the whole,the total amount of aroma substances at nitrogen fertilizer application amount 180kg·hm-2 treatment was the highest in the field.In terms of the quality of smoking,nitrogen fertilizer application amount 180kg·hm-2 treatment of cigar wrapper leaves was the highest in aroma quality,aroma quantity,gas permeability,miscellaneous gas degree,fine degree,clean degree and burning.Increasing nitrogen fertility were increased concentration,strength,oral stimulation.Nitrogen fertilizer application amount 150kg·hm-2 treatment of cigar wrapper leaves was the highest in sweetness.Influence of nitrogen fertilizer on ash and group formation was small.The total score of sensory evaluation from high to low was the amount of nitrogen fertilizer 180 kg·hm-2,210 kg·hm-2,150 kg·hm-2,240 kg·hm-2and 0 kg·hm-2.2 Effects of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen ratio on growth and quality of cigar wrapperIncreasing the proportion of nitrate nitrogen could significantly improve the growth of cigar wrapper plant in the early stage.After transplanting 50 d,in addition to the pure application of nitrate nitrogen or ammonium nitrogen treatment with lower height,the difference of other agronomic traits is not obvious.The ratio of different ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen had little effect on the soil nitrogen supply in the early stage of growth.After transplanting 50 d,the content of nitrogen in 0~20cm soil layer showed the trend of the higher proportion of ammonium nitrogen,the higher the content of nitrogen,and the treatment of pure nitrate nitrogen was significantly lower than other treatments.The content of nitrogen in 20~40cm soil layer was delayed in this trend,and after transplanting 70 d was found,and 90 d was the most obvious.Only applied ammonium nitrogen,total nitrogen content of roots,stems and leaves in different periods were maintained higher level,all the application of nitrate nitrogen,total nitrogen content of each organ were in the lowest level,especially effects of the roots and leaves were the most obvious.The content of nicotine in roots,stems and leaves was higher with all the application of ammonium nitrogen,and other treatments were changed not obvious.Increasing the proportion of nitrate nitrogen was beneficial to accumulate total sugar,increase potassium content reduce chlorine ion control content and nicotine content,increase the ratio of total nitrogen content and nicotine content.All the application of nitrate nitrogen had the opposite effect,especially as a result of the total nitrogen content was lowest,the middle and high levels of ammonium nitrogen could significantly increase the K/Cl ratio,high levels of nitrate nitrogen can reduce the K/Cl ratio of cigar wrapper leaves.The physical characteristics of each treatment were significantly different.All the application of ammonium nitrogen or all of the nitrate nitrogen would increase leaf thickness,leaf mass and reduce tensile strength.Thebalance moisture content of all the application of ammonium nitrogen was the lowest,the difference between other treatments was not significant.The best characteristics of 50% nitrate nitrogen and 50% ammonium nitrogen treatment,such as thickness,tension,leaf weight and so on.The effect of the ratio of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen on the neutral aroma compounds in the upper leaves was higher than that in the middle leaves.The contents of aroma compounds were lower in the treatments of only using nitrate or ammonium nitrogen alone.The treatment of 50% nitrate nitrogen and 50% ammonium nitrogen was the highest on amount of neutral aroma substances,neophytadiene content and carotenoids degrading products content,maillard reaction products and other neutral aroma substances.With increase the proportion of nitrate nitrogen,aromatic amino acid degradation products content and solanone content of upper leaves was increased,while the content of amino acid degradation products in the middle leaves was increased with the increase of the proportion of ammonium nitrogen.Application of nitrate nitrogen could significantly improve the aroma quality,exquisite smoke,smoke dry clarity,sweetness and combustion,and reduce oral stimulation.Nitrate nitrogen 50% and ammonium nitrogen 50% treatment of each index scores were higher.The total score of sensory evaluation from high to low was the treatment of 50% nitrate nitrogen and 50% ammonium nitrogen,25% nitrate nitrogen and 75% ammonium nitrogen,75% nitrate nitrogen and 25% ammonium nitrogen,100% nitrate nitrogen and 0% ammonium nitrogen,0% nitrate nitrogen and 100% ammonium nitrogen. |
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