| Armeniaca sibirica(L.)Lam resistant to drought and barren,strong adaptability,widely used in desert shelterbelt construction,plays an important ecological value;kernel of Armeniaca sibirica is rich in fatty acids,protein,amygdalin and inorganic salts,with high nutritional value,is an important woody oil tree species,plant protein resources and medicinal resources.Our objectives were conducted to determine the variations in phenotypic traits among and within Armeniaca sibirica populations in Inner Mongolia.We used nested of variation,coefficient of variation,multi-comparison,correlation analysis and principal component analysis to analyze the phenotypic traits of natural Armeniaca sibirica populations,and to determine the variations among and within populations and their relationship with distributions.We used coefficient of variation,correlation analysis,cluster analysis and principal component analysis to analyze the growth traits,economic traits,quality traits and resistance of Armeniaca sibirica germplasms,and estimated the heritability and genetic gain of provenances and families,so as to select high yield and good quality provenances and families;We investigated the flowering phenology of selected individual plants,and to select the best plants to avoid late frost;We dealed the fruit of selected individual with artificialsimulation cooling treatment,and the changes of the protective enzymes and osmotic adjustment substances at low temperature were analyzed.The cold resistance was evaluated by coefficient of variation,multiple comparison,cluster analysis and membership function.The major results aredescribed as follows:1.The results showed that there were significant differences in phenotypic variation among and within Armeniaca sibirica populations in Inner Mongolia.Variation was greater among populations(47.15%)than within population(16.43%).Mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 73.03% among populations,indicating that the variance among populations is the main source of the phenotypic variation.Phenotypic diversity is highest in WJG population and smallest in HRFB population.Longitude,annual mean precipitation and annual mean sunshine duration were significantly correlated with major traits of phenotypic.The 13 populations could be divided into four groups according to principal component analysis.Leaf traits of WLS population and nutlet traits of AB population were significantly correlated with ecological and geographic factors.The average variation coefficient of traits was 14.28%.The variation coefficient of kernel yield was highest(68.27%),while the variation coefficient of fruit shape index was smallest(7.99%).The Shannon-Wiener information index of quantitative traits(2.645)was higher than qualitative traits(0.265),and which showed that there was high phenotypic diversity in Armeniaca sibirica.The degree of variation coefficient was highest for leaf,followed by fruit and nutlet,but lowest for kernel.The degree of the Shannon-Wiener information index was highest for leaf,followed by nutlet and kernel,but lowest for fruit.Significant correlation was observed among traits.The kernel yield,nitrilosides and ether extract were respectively correlated to annual mean air temperature,latitude and longitude.2.Selection of superior provenance and superior families of Armeniaca sibirica in Inner Mongolia.There were significant differences in phenotypic variations among populations.The populations could be divided into five groups according to the cluster analysis based on kernel yield,weight of dry kernel,kernel rate,ether extract,crude protein,nitrilosides.The kernel yield and dry kernel weight of first group were high,high kernel rate and crude protein were appeared in second group,the ether extract and nitrilosides of third group were high,the traits of fourth group were all low,the high kernel yield,ether extract and nitrilosides were appeared in the fifth group.Principal component analysis showed that the six principal components add up to 80.716% of the variation.According to the principal componentscore of provenances: AHB>LC>HC>WJG>HRMB>CT>JUB>HLRB>BRB>JLB,and the first three are good provenances.The selection of superior families was carried out according to the breeding value ranking method.The economic traits can get larger gain when the direct selection traits were kernel yield,kernel rate,ether extract.Then 14 families selected by multiple trait selection based on kernel yield,kernel rate and ether extract,the real gain of three target traits were 34.86%,18.54% and 2.97% respectively,which could make the economic characteristics of each subject to be improved.3.Evaluation and selection of amino acids and fatty acids of kernel of Armeniaca sibirica in Inner Mongolia.The 18 kinds of amino acids in Armeniaca sibirica kernel are complete,and the average content of total amino acids is about 30.11 g/100 g.The average variation coefficient of amino acids was 22.15%.The variation coefficient of tryptophan was highest(36.36%),while the variation coefficient of arginine was smallest(12.54%).The variation of single amino acid was rich,but total amino acid content was relatively stable.The average content of essential amino acids is about 7.67 g/100 g.The first limiting amino acid was methionine & cystine(Met+Cys),and the SRC of amino ratio was 63.14.The content of essential amino acids,taste amino acids and medicinal amino acids in Armeniaca sibirica kernel is extremely rich,and the proportion of taste amino acids and medicinal amino acids accounted for 38.22% and 71.98%,respectively.The variation of amino acids among provenances was rich,but the proportion between all kinds of amino acids content was relatively stable.Bahrain Right Banner provenances of all kinds of amino acids content of BRB was the highest,and the SRC of HC was highest.There were significant positive correlations among total amino acid,essential amino acids,childen essential amino acids,aromatic amino acids,sweet amino acids,umami amino acids and medicinal amino acids(p<0.01).The germplasms could be divided into four groups.And all kinds of amino acids content of secound group were highest.The total amino acid content was 37.26 g/100 g,the essential amino acid content was 9.84 g/100 g,the childen essential amino acid content was 4.36 g/100 g,the taste amino acid content was 24.19 g/100 g,and the medicinal amino acid content was 25.79 g/100 g.The average real gain of all kinds of amino acids was 32.60%.There were 6 kinds of fatty acids such as oleic acid,linoleic acid,linolenic acid,palmitoleic acid,palmitic acid and stearic acid were isolated from Armeniaca sibirica kernel.The relative content of saturated fatty acids with an average value of 3.71%;the relative content of unsaturated fatty acid with an average value of 94.33%;the relative content of monounsaturated fatty acids,the average value is 65.88%;the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids,the average value is 28.45%.The mean coefficient of variation of 6 fatty acids was 14.71%,the variation coefficient of palmitoleic acid was highest(24.75%),while the variation coefficient of oleic acid was smallest(4.91%).The variation of saturated fatty acids was richer(11.82%),while the variation of unsaturated fatty acids was small relatively(2.80%).There were significant correlations among all kinds of fatty acids,and oleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acids.The germplasms could be divided into four groups.The unsaturated fatty acids content of third group were highest(95.47%),The monounsaturated fatty acid content were(69.56%),the saturated fatty acids acid content were smallest(3.42%).The real gain of unsaturated fatty acids,monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 1.21%,5.58%,-7.93% respectively.4.Selection of cold resistance superior individual of Armeniaca sibirica in Inner Mongolia.The full-bloom stage of 58.13% of Armeniaca sibirica ranged from April 21 st to April 24 th,and most concentrated in April 21 st.Set which delay the flowering of more than 7 d(relative to April 21st)as the standard to selected late flowering individual,and get the individuals which florescence delayed 7 days,8 days,9 days,10 days,11 days respectively,which has a certain potential to avoid frost damage.With the stress of low temperature treatment increasing,the SOD activity of Armeniaca sibirica fruitlet showed a tend of “increase-decrease”,the peak appeared in 0 ℃ and-2 ℃.The POD activity showed a decrease tend generally,there was a slight rise in-2 ℃.Soluble protein content showed a tend of “decrease-increase-decrease”,the lowest in 0 ℃,the peak appeared in-2 ℃.Soluble sugar content showed a tend of “increase-decrease-increase”,the peak appeared in-2 ℃,the lowest in-3 ℃.The free proline content showed a decrease tend,and there was a slight rise in-1℃ and-3 ℃.There were significant differences among germplasms according to five hardiness substances.The germplasms could be divided into three groups according to the cluster analysis.The SOD activity(19.59 unit/g·FM)and soluble sugar content(151.42 mg/g·M)of first group were highest;The POD activity(22.54 unit/g·FM)of second group was highest;Soluble protein content(26.85 mg/g·M)and free proline content(2825.87 μg/g·M)of third group were highest.There were not significant correlations among all hardiness substances,but a significant correlation between soluble protein content and free proline content(p<0.05).The principal component analysis and subordinate function method were used to evaluate the cold resistance,rank as follows: F26>XI26-1>G16> PT75>PT76>12044>WAN 44-5> XI 13-1> PT86>PT80. |
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