Effects Of Ground Mulching And Drillng Ventilation On Apple Root And Plant Growth And Development

Root system is the basis of fruit tree site,ground mulching can stabilize soil temperature and humidity,promote root development and nutrient absorption.Soil aeration can ensure the oxygen required for the growth of roots and respiration,and is conducive to the coordination of factors such as water,fertilizer,gas and heat.Under the conditions of potted and orchard,the effects of different mulching and soil drilling on apple root physiology,plant growth and development and results were studied.The main results are as follows:1.Straw mat,agricultural carpet,horticultural fabric and transparent plastic film mulching enhanced the leaf Pn in late summer,mid-autumn and early winter,improved leaf water use efficiency(WUE)in the autumn,increased the total length,diameter,volume and fractal dimension of the roots in the early winter,and promoted shoot growth and trunk thickening.The straw mat had the most significant effects on the improvement of root physiological characteristics,and morphological structure,the increase of leaf photosynthetic characteristics and the promotion of plant growth.The effect of agricultural carpets on root fractal dimension is similar to that of straw mat,which is higher than that of horticultural fabric and transparent plastic films in autumn,and the stability of agricultural carpets on the changes of root physiology is most prominent.The effects of horticultural fabric on leaf Pn were less than that of straw mat in late summer and mid-autumn,and its effect on root physiological parameters was less stable than that of agricultural carpet.The transparent plastic film reduced the root activity in the late summer and mid-autumn.In the four treatments,transparent plastic film had the least effect on leaf WUE as well as on plant growth in autumn,and the stability on root physiological changes was also minimal.From the beneficial effects of the four mulching materials on plant growth and root physiological changes,the order from high to low are straw mat,agricultural carpets,horticultural fabric and transparent plastic film.2.The determination,either six or ten months later,shows that application of CS or FFB improved soil nitrification and denitrification intensity,soil NR and NiR activity were significantly increased by applying CS or FFB in soil drilling.The four treatments also significantly increased relative soil water content in the 0~40cm soil layer,relative chlorophyll content,and diameter and length of new shoots.Among the four,CS came on the top in the effect on relative soil water content in the 0~40cm soil layer,and diameter and length of new shoots,being 7.80%,11.63% and 17.19%,respectively,higher than the originals,and followed by FTB,whereas FTB and BC sat in the bottom in the effect on diameter of new shoots,and FFB did the same in the effect on length of new shoots.Besides,the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of leaves and WUE of trees as demonstrated by the determination 10 months after the treatment,especially CS which increased the parameters by 57.32%?22.22% and 29.12% respectively.From the comprehensive effects of soil nitrate metabolism,leaf photosynthesis and WUE and plant growth,CS was the most effective promoter.3.Straw mat and agricultural carpet mulching respectively significantly promoted the growth of apple shoots in orchards of plains and mountains,increased the net photosynthetic rate and WUE,and the root vigor,total root length and specific root length of 0-60 cm soil layers,which significantly improved the apple's single fruit weight,yield per plant,hardness and soluble solids content,among which,straw mat mulching has the greatest increase in the parameters,especially for the length of apple shoots and the total root length in the plain area.4.Drilled holes inserted corn stalks and fruit tree branches in the plain and mountainous orchard significantly improved the root length,the root length density,root density and root activity of the 0-60 cm apple root,increased the root density,and promoted the expansion of the root to the deep soil,and increased the single fruit weight,yield,hardness and soluble solids of the apple.Among them,the increase of drilling holes inserted corn stalks was the most significant for all parameters,especially for apple root activity,specific root length,yield and quality in plain area.5.Orchard ground mulched straw mat combined with drilling holes inserted corn stalks significantly improved the 20-40 cm soil layer roots,significantly promoted plant growth,improved apple yield and quality,and its effect was better than single straw mat mulching and single drilling holes inserted corn stalks.