Observation Of Different Habitatsand Different Apple Cultivars In Flower Bud Differentiation Period

This research was performedin three apple producing areas,including Yangling demonstration zone,Jingning,Gansu Province,and Maoxian,Sichuan Province.‘Nagafu.No.2’of different altitude(1425m,1680 m,and 2050m)from Maoxian and Jingning(1601m),as well as different varieties(‘Nagafu.No.2’,‘Yanfu No.6’,‘Gala’,‘Qinguan’)were used to determine their flower induction.De-leaves and De-flowers were used to investigate the start time of flower induction,dissection was used to characterized their different flower period,as well as their different development period among different varieties.This research provided available information for apple breeding by deeply analyzing the flower induction characterization from differences of different altitudes and varieties and investigating their differences in terms of penological period,light intensity,temperature,humidness,tree structure and flowering rate.1.With the increasing of elevation and altitude,the temperature and humidness were decreased,diurnal temperature variation and light intensity also promoted,which leaded to the late of penological period of‘Nagafu No.2’.In Yangling,penological period of‘Nagafu No.2’was one day later than‘Yanfu No.6’and‘Qinguan’,two days later than‘Gala’.The phenological period of‘Nagafu No.2’was significantly differentat different altitudes and in different regions.Phenological period of high altitude area was later than low altitude area.High latitudes was later than low latitudes.2.The flowering rate of different apple varieties showed‘Gala’﹥‘Qinguan’﹥‘Yanfu No.6’﹥‘Nagafu No.2’;For‘Nagafu No.2’,the flowering rate at different altitudes was Maoxian showed Jingning﹥Maoxian﹥Yangling;For‘Nagafu No.2’,the flowering rate at different altitudes in different areas is 2050m﹥1425m﹥1680m.There was little difference for the number of short shoots leaves in different areas.In Maoxian,the elevation of 1425 m was significantly less than 1680 m and 2050 m.The number of short shoots and leaves of different varieties showed‘Gala’﹥‘Yanfu No.6’﹥‘Nagafu No.2’﹥‘Qinguan’.High altitudes and high latitudes showed high flowering rates.3.Proportion and cumulative proportion of different apple shoots branches: the shoot stop growing time showed that short branches was earlier than that of middle branches than that of long branches in different habitats.However,as for different varieties,‘Gala’and‘Yanfu No.6’stopped earlier than‘Nagafu No.2’than‘Qinguan’.Low elevation branches stopped earlier than that at high elevation,and low latitude branches stopped earlier than that of high latitude.The shoots stop growing time was associated with the flower bud physiological differentiation,while at high latitudes and high altitude branches stop growing was late,but a relatively short duration of flower bud physiological differentiation,which was related to environmental factors in high altitude and high latitude regions,such as large temperature,light intensity,high humidity is small and so on.4.Their physiological differentiation time as follows:‘Nagafu No.2’(56 days),‘Yanfu No 6’(49 days),‘Gala’(56 days)and‘Qinguan’(42 days).The period of buds physiological differentiation in Maoxian lasted longer at low altitude than that of high altitude.At the altitude of 1425 m flower bud physiological differentiation lasted about 75 days,However,it was only 70 and 65 days at an altitude of about 1680 m and 2050 m.In different regions,for flower bud differentiation of‘Nagafu No.2’the low latitude was longer than of the high latitude,shown as Yangling(56 days),Jingning(49 days),Maoxian(70 days).5.Flower bud morphological differentiation began from June to the end of October for‘Gala’and‘Nagafu No.2’,and they were classified into five periods,with significantly marked characterizations.And some period was crossed with each other.And ‘Nagafu No.2’always showed an earlier start and later end character when compared with‘Gala’.‘Nagafu No.2’also showed a long and concentrated differentiation time.