| Antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens(foreign substances in the body).Type I allergic reactions involve IgE,which is specific for a particular drug,antigen or other allergen that triggers the allergic reaction.The allergen binds to the immunoglobulin on specific immune cells known as basophils and mast cells.This binding results in the release of chemicals that causes an inflammation in the body within 30 minutes of exposure to the allergen.Atopic Dermatitis(AD)is a type of allergic chronic skin disorder that causes inflammation of the skin and it is characterized by chronic recurrent dermatitis with profound itching.Most patients have personal and/or family history of atopic diseases with increased serum IgE level and/or eosinophilia and it can affect the patient's quality of life which brings about a great deal of psychological burden on the patient and relatives.It is a complex disease that has lots of symptoms.It is the most common type of dermatitis and for that matter,there are many studies being done in order to be able to fully understand the causes,symptoms,epidemiology,clinical features,immunology and treatment of atopic dermatitis.The main cause of it is still not known yet genetic foundations play a part in the manifestation of atopic dermatitis as it affects the barrier of the skin and the immune system.This however is not the sole purpose as the cause of atopic dermatitis.It is only a connection in which abnormal epidermal functions due to genetics and environmental factors lead to the manifestation of atopic dermatitis.The purpose of this study is to find out the clinical diagnosis of allergen specific antibody test in patients and to better understand the clinical and immunological features,diagnositic criteria,treatment,and risk factors of atopic dermatitis.The method used for the clinical diagnosis in allergen specific antibody 561 patients were given an immunoblot test for IgE antibody and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)test to detect food specific IgG and IgG4 antibodies.The method used for the analysis of atopic dermatitis is based on research from previous published papers on pubmed.Results showed that the clinical diagnosis of allergen specific antibody test of the 561 patients was mainly uticaria(40.9%),dermatitis(16.3%),allergic dermatitis(12.6%),rhinitis(6.4%),eczema(4.1%),and allergic rhinitis(3.7%).House dust and egg were the most prevalent allergen and food allergy.The most common features of atopic dermatitis are itching and scratching and there is quite a variation in the appearance of lesions between individuals,and the characteristics and distribution vary with age.pruritus,chronic course(more than 6 months),disease influenced by environmental factors,xerosis,flexural dermatitis and itching while sweating were the most common clinical features.Patients with AD also have a history of other allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis.Over 78%of the patients diagnosed with AD had history of other allergic diseases while only 9%of patients diagnosed with other types of dermatitis showed history of other allergic diseases.The five frequent sites involved in AD were fossa cubitalis 44.1%,knee 37.4%,neck front 33.6%,upper limb 30.9%,and the face 30.6%.The hands were more frequent sites involved in other types of dermatitis than AD.Patients that are suffering from Atopic dermatitis have increased levels of activated circulating T cells.They also have a genetic background of a general systemic T helper cell 2(Th2)polarization which contributes to the higher number of circulating T cells capable of producing Th2 cytokines.Increased numbers of circulating eosinophils are frequently observed in patients with AD along with increased serum IgE levels.Hanifin and Rajka criteria is a standard reference for clinical trials in AD because of their high sensitivity.Kang and Tian proposed new diagnostic criteria for AD by simplifying the Hanifin and Rajka criteria into two basic and six minor features;one basic feature plus three minor features are required for AD diagnosis and the REACH(Reliable Estimation of Atopic Dermatitis in Childhood)criteria was superior to the ISAAC in estimating AD prevalence when judged against gold standard AD prevalence value of 11.8%.The REACH criteria also exhibited improved diagnostic accuracy with fewer misclassifications(6.4%,n = 76)compared with the ISAAC(10.0%,n = 119;P<0.001).Topical corticosteroids(TCS)are used in the management of AD in both adults and children and are the mainstay of anti-inflammatory therapy.Both ultraviolet A(UVA)and ultraviolet B(UVB)phototherapy in children and adolescents is safe and effective.Genetic risk factors play a crucial part in AD where filaggrin(FLG)mutations,R501X and 2282del4 for the production of flaggrin strongly increased the risk of developing atopic dermatitis.In summary,patients diagnosed with uticaria are on the rise in recent years and more studies are being done in order to better understand the clinical analysis of atopic dermatitis. |
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