Association Of Breakfast Frequency With Metabolic Syndrome And Its Components In Adult Population

Background: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is on the rise,and has seriously affected human health.It is reported that metabolic syndrome will increase cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality.Therefore,the study of metabolic syndrome is important in public health field.Breakfast is usually considered to be the most important meal,but now more and more people skip breakfast,especially young people,lack awareness of the importance of breakfast.Breakfast can provide us with more microelement and low-fat diet,which ensure enough nutrition and reduce the total energy intake at the same time.Therefore,regular breakfast habit can prevent the occurrence of chronic diseases.It is reported that skipping breakfast is closely related with obesity and type 2 diabetes.Previous studies found that skipping breakfast will change the body’s circadian rhythm,and the destruction of the circadian rhythm will affect the metabolism of glucose and lipid.Therefore,the frequency of breakfast may play an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome.However,there are no studies on the association between breakfast frequency and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adult population.Objective: In this study,we investigated the association between the frequency of breakfast and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by investigating the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components at different breakfast frequencies.Methods: This study is based on the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health(TCLSIHealth)Cohort Study.We collected the data of subjects who underwent medical health checkups at the Tianjin Medical University General Hospital-Health Management Center,the largest and most comprehensive physical examination center in Tianjin in 2013 and 2015.According to a certain inclusion exclusion criteria,22069 subjects were included in the study finally.Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria of the Chinese medical doctor association branch of diabetes of 2013.Participants were considered to have metabolic syndrome when they presented three or more of the following components: elevated waist circumference,elevated triglycerides,reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol,elevated blood pressure,and elevated blood glucose.The data of breakfast freqency was collected from the questionnaire.The frequencies involved were “everyday”,“4~6 times per week”,“2~3 times per week” or “rarely/never”.Other variables we need to collect are age,sex,anthropometric parameters(Height,weight,waist circumference),hematologic parameters(Fasting blood sugar,triglyceride,total cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low density lipoprotein cholesterol),blood pressure,smoking and drinking status,history of diseases and family history of diseases.All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System 9.3 edition for Windows.Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between the frequency of breakfast consumption and metabolic syndrome and its components after adjusted potential confounding factors.Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this study was 26.7%,35.5 for males and 15.5 for females,while males were higher than females(P<0.05).After adjusted for potential confounding factors,in males,with the increase of breakfast frequency,the OR of metabolic syndrome were 1.00(reference),0.92(0.67,1.27),0.83(0.67,1.03)and 0.80(0.66,0.98),respectively,in the final model(P for trend = 0.04).In females,similar results were not observed.For the increase of triglyceride,with the increase of breakfast frequency,the OR was 1.00(reference),0.96(0.73,1.26),0.88(0.73,1.07)and 0.78(0.66,0.92)(P for trend <0.01).For the reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,with the increase of breakfast frequency,the OR were 1.00(reference),1.18(0.88,1.59),0.88(0.72,1.09)and 0.78(0.65,0.95)(P for trend<0.0001).In females,with the increase of breakfast frequency,the OR of reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 1.00(reference),0.95(0.65,1.39),0.81(0.63,1.05)and 0.77(0.62,0.97)(P for trend = 0.02).Conclusions: In males,the frequency of breakfast was negatively related with metabolic syndrome,triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol.Compared with those who skipping breakfast,the prevalence of elevated blood glucose decreased significantly,but there was no significant trend.There was no significant difference in the prevalence of elevated waist circumference and elevated blood pressure between different breakfast frequencies.In females,the frequency of breakfast was negatively related with the prevalence of reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol,but the prevalence of metabolic syndrome,elevated waist circumference,elevated triglyceride,elevated blood pressure and elevated blood glucose was not significantly different in different breakfast frequencies.