A Research On The Issue Of "Three Officials Sitting Alone" In Eastern Han Dynasty

The "Three Officials Sitting Alone" is an etiquette standard and a peculiar design of political system in Eastern Han Dynasty,which is the Emperor deliberately regulates Imperial Minister,Sili Xiowei and Chief of Secretariat sitting alone at the Morning Exercise,therefore people in the capital call it "Three Officials Sitting Alone".For a long period of time,the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" has influenced the political structure and trend of the Eastern Han Dynasty,and thus it has very important research value.First of all,it is the reason for the establishment of the "Three Officials Sitting Alone".The political situation in the early Eastern Han Dynasty is very serious,especially in the tyrannical problem and the official issue.Therefore,to a certain extent,the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" is set up to deal with the big political crisis.At the same time,we should also analysis the founder Liu Xiu's personal factors,especially his governing idea,governing strategy,which can help us to find out the special reasons to set up "Three Officials Sitting Alone".This article focuses on the analysis of the Liu Xiu,and rectifies the official,strengthening the internal relationship establishment rule of centralization of power and "Three Officials Sitting Alone".In addition,the development status of the three kinds of officials also implies a part of the reason for the establishment of the "Three Officials Sitting Alone".This article focuses on the analysis about the development status of the three kinds of officials between the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty,which brought the necessary conditions for the establishment of the "Three Officials Sitting Alone".Secondly,it is the manifestation of the "Three Officials Sitting Alone",which is the specific performance on the ceremony.Due to historical constraints,this article only discusses the special significance of sitting alone at the Morning Exercise,and the three officials' precedence and orientation,rather than the other.During the Qin and Han Dynasty,officials' seats at the Morning Exercise are joint,and this is originated from the pre-Qin society traditions and the material conditions.So in this occasion,sitting alone will highlight out,which is not just a publicity form,but also a better reflection of the ruler's pet meaning.There aren't much historical records about the three officials' precedence and orientation,but according to the limited official materials,this article made some reasonable assumptions.In addition,based on some special performance on the ceremony of the three kinds of officials,this article also discusses the internal relationship among themselves.Again,it is the function of the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" and the ways to play its function.The previous studies only take monitor factors into account and believe the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" is to monitor the central or local administrative operation.In this article,considering the problem from the angle of political effects,the author thinks the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" have two big functions,purging all the officials and stabilizing the country.The play of the former function,mainly rely on two ways,site supervising and program reviewing,by Imperial Minister,Sili Xiowei and Chief of Secretariat.It needs the three kinds of officials working together collaboratively.This article also discusses some mode problems about the way of the first function performance.Site supervising mainly rely on Imperial Minister,Sili Xiowei and Chief of Secretariat,with their subordinates,through supervision and other ceremonial activities,by three ways,supervising the Morning Exercise,and monitoring the behavior of central or local officials daily behavior.The play of the latter function,mainly rely on Imperial Minister,Sili Xiowei and Chief of Secretariat,with their subordinates,by partly participating in the election and appointment of the national officials,and monitoring the Year-end assessment.Stabilizing the country mainly by punishing unscrupulous and participate in the formulation of the two fundamental policy approaches and implementation of mutual coordination.Punishing unscrupulous cannot leave the Imperial Minister and Sili Xiowei.This way,to punish the illegal,by the censor of Imperial Minister and Sili Xiowei,with their staffs,mainly through the way of eliminating the local insurgency and handling central major illegal situations.Participating in the formulation of the two fundamental policy approaches and implementation of mutual coordination,rely on the fundamental policy formulation and implementation,mainly by Chief of Secretariat and its staffs,by drafting,and screening memorial way.In a word,the play of two major functions about the "Three Officials Sitting Alone",need collaboration by Imperial Minister,Sili Xiaowei and Chief of Secretariat.From this point,the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" can truly achieving these political targets.Finally,it is the historical influences about the "Three Officials Sitting Alone".The reason why there aren't much historical records about the "Three Officials Sitting Alone",partly is the deviation of understanding later historians.From the "The book of later Han Dynasty","Xuan Bing's biography",relating to the "three sitting alone",we can see,the author Fan Ye only takes it as an official spoiled form,explaining it,but don't think it has many practical significances.This is actually not seen "Three Officials Sitting Alone" is a rich connotation of group's sake.On the other hand,may relate to the disappearance about the "Three Officials Sitting Alone",with the destruction of the Eastern Han Dynasty.Nevertheless,the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" is still not only effect on the Eastern Han Dynasty,but also exerted a profound influence on later ages.On the one hand,the impact on the Eastern Han Dynasty,mainly reflected in the two functions,specifically on the early Eastern Han Dynasty official,during which,tyrannical problem and official issue were alleviated.And during the later Eastern Han Dynasty,the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" opposed the eunuch,and promoted improvement of politics in the Eastern Han dynasty.On the other hand,its influence on the later generations is mainly embodied in the inheritance and development about the two operating mechanism of the "Three Officials Sitting Alone",the Censor Platform and Shang Shu Platform,as well as the application of internal organization principle about the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" to the construction of political system by posterity.In addition,because of the retention and inheritance about the sitting form,the "Three Officials Sitting Alone" refers to a name is widely used by later people,which also shows the far-reaching influence of the "Three Officials Sitting Alone".