| Objective1 To analyze the consumption status and changes and influencing factors of snacks of 6 years and older Chinese residents from 2002 to 2012 in order to provide scientific foundation for snacking recommendation and related policy.2 To use data from China Food Composition to calculate the contribution of total energy and nutrient of snacks intake.3 To explore the association between Chinese's snacks intake and overweight-obesity in order to provide scientific foundation for weight management.Subjects and MethodsSubjectsThe subjects included all 6 years and older residents(except pregnant)from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002 and the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012.MethodsUsing 3 days 24-hour recall dietary database and merging with the information from China Food Composition(2002,2004 edition)to analyze prevalence of snacking of 6 years and older Chinese,and consumption proportion,%total energy,intake of snacking among snackers from 2002 to 2012.Fitting multilevel logistic regression with SAS 9.4 to explore the association between snacks and overweight-obesity.Results1.General features of subjectsThere were 17687 snackers among 55079 residents in 2002,and 21032 snackers among 49465 residents in 2012.Snackers from urban,male,35-49-year-old,moderate educated,with higher incomes were the maximum group of snackers in 2002,while female in urban,50?64-year-old,moderate educated,with moderate incomes were the maximum group of snackers in 2012.2.Prevalence of snackingThe prevalence of snacking of Chinese residents aged six and older in 2002 was 35.1%,50.7%in urban and 23.6%in rural.The highest consumption rate was 41.8%of 6-11-year-old girls in urban.The prevalence of snacking of Chinese residents in 2012 was 44.8%,53.5%in urban and 32.6%in rural.The highest consumption rate was 67.8%of 6-11-year-old girls in urban.Overall,prevalence of snacking has increased from 2002 to 2012.The top five snacks in 2002 were vegetables and fruits,dessert,cereal,beans and nuts,dairy and products,while vegetables and fruits,dessert,beans and nuts,dairy and products,beverages in 2012.3.Influencing factors of snackingUsing multilevel logistic regression model to analyze the influencing factors of snacking.The results indicated that area,gender,educationlevel,age,exercise,smoking,drinking,total enrgey intake,eating breakfast were factors of whether intake snacks for Chinese.From 2002 to 2012,the gap between unban and rural was smaller(OR=4.61 in 2002;OR=3.02 in 2012),while that between male and female was bigger(OR=1.32 in 2002;OR=1.57 in 2012).Chinese residents who educated,with higher incomes,exercise,no smoking,drinking,no breakfast,intaking more total enrgey would intake snacks than others.4.The distribution of snacking among snackersThe proportion of urban snackers was higher than those in rural.Adults of 35?49 age group accounted for the most proportion in 2002 and 50?64 age group in 2012.Snackers with higher incomes accounted for the most proportion.Snackers was developed to urban residents and older age group,the variation in gender was bigger.The main consumption time was from evening in 2002 to afternoon in 2012.The main location of snacks consumption was at home both in 2002(94.4%)and in 2012(95.1%).The proportion of intaking snacks every day has increased from 2002(40.8%)to 2012(49.1%).5.Consumption of snacks among snackersTotal consumption of snacks in 2002 was higher than 2012(P<0.0001),which was from 165.0 g/d in 2002 to 146.0 g/d in 2012.The maximum consumption was 241.2 g/d in 12?17 age group rural girls in 2002 and 242.0 g/d in 6?11 age group rural boys in 2012.Consumption of snacks in urban was higher than in rural,male higher than female,and increasing as education levels and incomes decreasing both in 2002 and 2012.The consumption of cereal,instant foods,alcoholics have increased,while the consumption of beans and nuts,vegetables and fruits,dairy and products,dessert have decreased.The main sources were dairy and products,vegetables and fruits,alcoholics,beverages,cereal in 2002 and alcoholics,cereal,dairy and products,vegetables and fruits,beveragesin 2012.6.%Total energy and nutrients of snacks among snackersThe energy of snacks among snackers in 2002 was higher than 2012(P<0.0001),which was from 133.0Kcal/d in 2002 to 125.1Kcal/d in 2012.%Total energy of 6-11 age group urban girls was the highest in both 2002 and 2012,and increasing from 9.8%in 2002 to 10.8%in 2012.From 2002 to 2012,%Total energy of snacks from alcoholics has increased,while%total energy from cereal,beans and nuts,vegetables and fruits,dairy and products,dessert,instant foods have decreased.Snacks also contributed vitamin C,vitamin E,total carotene,dietary fiber,iodine,vitamin A,potassium and calcium.7.Association between intake of snacks and overweight-obesityUsing the multilevel logistic regression model to analyze the association between whether intaking snacks and overweight/obesity.After controlling the influence of area,year,age,gender,education level,incomes,exercise,smoking,drinking,sleeping well or not,breakfast and total energy intakes,snacking was associated with overweitht/obesity,OR=1.06(P=0.0448).ConclusionThe prevalence of snacks of Chinese residents aged of 6 year-old and older has increased from 35.1%in 2002 to 44.8%in 2012,which in urban was higher than that in rural,female higher than male.The distribution of snackers has a tendency to urban and older people,and gap between male and female was bigger.The main consumption time had a tendency from night to daytime.The main location of consumption was at home and the proportion of eating snacks every day has increased from 40.7%in 2002 to 49.1%in 2012.Consumption of snacks has decreased from 2002 to 2012.The consumption of cereal,instant foods,alcoholics have increased,while the consumption of beans and nuts,vegetables and fruits,dairy and products,dessert have decreased.The maximum consumption was 241.2 g/d in 12-17 age group rural girls in 2002 and 242.0 g/d in 6-11 age group rural boys in 2012.The energy from snacks has decreased from 133.0Kcal/d in 2002 to 125.1Kcal/d in 2012.%Total energy of snacks from alcoholics has increased,while%total energy from cereal,beans and nuts,vegetables and fruits,dairy and products,dessert,instant foods have decreased.Snacks also contributed many nutrients such as vitamin C,vitamin E,total carotene,dietary fiber,iodine,vitaminA,potassium and calcium.Consumption of snacks among Chinese residents was relatively lower than people in other countries,which still should be concerned.The exploring analyses indicated that whether Chinese residents intook snacks or not had associated with the risk of overweight/obesity(OR=1.06). |
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