Philosophical Thinking About "problem-oriented"

“Problem-oriented” theory,literally understood,is regarding problem as guiding direction to analyze problem and seek solution as well as solve problem.From the philosophical point of view,it is a methodology.The aim of this thesis is to provide a system methodology to solve some main problems and key problems of the current society.Therefore,“problem-oriented” theory,in specific,is based on the guiding direction of discovery,knowledge,analysis and solution of problem.It is a way of thinking and working.It is also an important paradigm to understand the world and transform the world.Chairman Xi Jinping demanded that we should establish awareness of problem and focus on thinking of the major problems,as well as find and investigate the key issues,and then solve a series of prominent contradictions and problems in the development of China.Liu Yunshan proposed that we should establish a strong awareness of problem and regard problem as guiding directions,which are the inherent requirements to build socialism in the new era.At present,the reform of China has developed into a critical period.Many contradictions and problems may occur in the reform process.“Problem-oriented” theory provides scientific ideas to investigate problem and helps us to find problem,understand problem,analyze problem,and achieve strategic solution of problem with Marxist position,perspective and method.The main research work of the thesis is summarized as follows.First,the connotation and the source of problem are discussed.Only if we understand the various definitions of problem,can we have a full comprehension of problem and then build “problem-oriented” thinking manner.Specifically,the connotation of problem has the following three perspectives: epistemological perspective,methodology perspective,and combination of epistemology and methodology perspectives.On the basis of the connotation of problem,the source of problem is presented and the way to seek and find problem is introduced.From the epistemological point of view,problem comes from investigation,gap,development of new situations,rational thinking of people.From the methodology point of view,problem comes from the contradiction.Second,the problem based dialectical materialism is proposed.The problem based dialectical materialism includes interrelationship of problem,history of problem,major problems and minor problems,key problems and general problems,and big problems and small problems.In specific,interrelationship of problem denotes the following three aspects.The settlement of old problem leads to the emergence of new problem.The solution of this problem leads to the prominence of that problem.To solve this problem depends on the solution of that problem.The history of problem includes two different contents.The same problem in different periods has different connotations.The same problem in different stages of the same period has different connotations.Major problems and minor problems,key problems and general problems,big problems and small problems as a classification of problems is a concrete exemplification of dialectical materialism.Third,the “problem-oriented” methodology is presented."Problem-oriented" theory is a kind of principle and method.Its essence is problem based dialectical thinking.The “problem-oriented” methodology includes understanding problem with comprehensive perspective,relationship view,historical way,and dynamic method,as well as concentrating on the major problems.Understanding problem with comprehensive perspective denotes considering the integrity,openness,structure and hierarchy of problem.Understanding problem with relationship view indicates understanding the internal links of problem,the relationship between problem and external factors,as well as the characteristics of the relationship among problems.Understanding problem with historical way represents focusing on the future of problem,re-examining the current state of problem,and predicting the future of problem.We should understand problem with dynamic method since problem is changing and the change of problem is complex and diverse.To concentrate on the major problems,we should clarify the relationship between the main contradiction and the primary contradiction.Moreover,we should grasp the key issues from the main aspects of contradiction.These contents are the main ideas of “problem-oriented” philosophy,which reflect the theory of Marxist materialist dialectics and exhibit the modern significance of Marxist dialectics.Fourth,the “problem-oriented” implementation steps are elaborated.Based on the theory of the former contents,it discusses the “problem-oriented” implementation steps and presents the specific steps to solve main problems and key problems.The “problem-oriented” implementation steps include finding problem,identifying problem,analyzing problem,solving problem,and learning experience.Specifically,the theory of finding problem contains finding problem in practice and finding problem by transforming the thinking manner.The theory of identifying problem includes understanding the nature of problem and recognizing the relationship among problems.To analyze problem,we should first analyze the formation causes of problem,and then use qualitative and quantitative perspectives to analyze problem.Moreover,we should analyze the impact of problem.Finally,we should analyze the main aspects of problem and focus on the key issues.The theory of solving problem includes the idea and strategy for solving problem as well as the execution ability of solving problem.The theory of learning experience includes learning experience from the process of solving problem and learning experience from the effects of solving problem.