The Modern Venezuela Petro-Populism Research

Since the Venezuelan government began to gradually implement the process of nationalization of oil since the 1920s and 1930s,the nationalization of oil revenues has brought enormous wealth to Venezuela.Petroleum has gradually become the pillar of the national economy and had a tremendous impact on Venezuela's political democracy,internal and external affairs.On the political level,after the colonial era and the early dictatorship after independence,the main parties of Venezuela signed the"Feuerhorn Agreement" in 1958,marking the beginning of the historical era of modern democratic politics in Venezuela.With the oil economy shaping Venezuela's political life,Venezuela's democratic political process has also experienced some degree of alienation.The series of collateral consequences caused by petro-populism have had a profound impact on the political process and social development in Venezuela.In the era of Chavez,when oil prices are high,Venezuela can greatly increase the welfare protection for the middle and lower classes by relying on huge oil revenues,and maintain the political support of Chavez and its political party groups in a way that maximizes the popularity of voters.On Foreign policies,competing with U.S.and Western countries,providing huge amounts of economic assistance to neighboring countries,and drawing up regional organizations or interest groups that oppose U.S.hegemony.However,after the death of Chavez,with the advent of the shale gas revolution,global oil prices fell sharply,and Venezuela's internal of high welfare and high investment and external policies gradually became unsustainable,resulting in the current serious domestic political and social crisis.The United States and the West continued to exert pressure on Venezuela in a variety of ways,including political infiltration and economic squeezing.This further intensified the populist sentiment in Venezuela and caused its leaders to resolve the domestic crisis into a vicious circle.This paper consists of six parts.The introduction demonstrates the research background and significance of the topic,and sorts out the domestic and foreign research on the current situation of the petro-populism in Venezuela,introduces the research methods used in the writing process and the beginning of writing innovation,and finally a brief summary of the essay writing framework.The first chapter mainly analyzes the concept of populism,expands its conceptual meaning and internal logic to the analysis and interpretation of populism in Latin America,and discusses the populist background of Venezuela in Latin America.On the basis of reading Latin populism,this paper introduces the concept of petro-populism that will be discussed in this paper and provides theoretical support for the discussion of the historical development process of Venezuelan petro-populism.The second chapter mainly introduces the oil's shaping of the pre-modern Venezuela,and provides an important background reference for the introduction of petroleum populism in the latter part of the article by analyzing the political,economic,and social aspects of Venezuela before and after the development of oil.The first section mainly introduces the situation of Venezuela's politics and society before the development of Venezuela's oil.The analysis of the traditional political and cultural background of Venezuela is the part that the author focuses on.These influences on Venezuela's subsequent socio-political culture are extremely profound.The second section mainly introduces the process of nationalization of petroleum that Venezuela's early oil development gradually opened.This can also be seen as the beginning of the Venezuela's petro-populism.The third section mainly analyzes the impact of oil development on the subsequent populism in Venezuela,and analyzes and summarizes the important factors that induce it.The third chapter mainly analyzes the course and content of the thorough development of petro-populism in Venezuela.In the first part,introducing the political process of Chavezism,this part will also introduce how Venezuela eventually took the road of populism.This part will pass through the process of Chavez's coming to power and the series of political reforms it has undertaken.This shows that Chavez opened the era of Venezuela's populist politics until now;the reforms in economic and social policies during the second and third periods introduced the performance of petro-populism in the internal affairs of Venezuela.The Chavez government used huge amounts of oil.Wealth began adopting radical populist economic reforms and implementing huge social welfare programs.The fourth part introduces the performance of petro-populism in Venezuela's foreign policy,and introduces Chavez's series of diplomatic acts based on oil wealth,especially the more radical anti-American policy.The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the status quo of the petro-populism in Venezuela and the difficulties it faces.It should be noted that the petro-populism process in Venezuela was also driven by the objective environment.To a certain extent,the intensification of petro-populism in Venezuela was also the natural reaction that Chavez and later the Maduro regime had made to maintain its own existence.And this interaction has formed a vicious circle.The fourth chapter is the introduction and analysis of this objective reality.The first section introduces the internal pressures faced by Venezuela's current petro-populism,and analyzes various factors to understand Chavez and his successors' direct internal motivation to continue petro-populism.The second part introduces the external pressures faced by the Venezuela regime and,by sorting out external factors,understands the internal logic of Venezuela's policy of promoting petro-populism.It concludes with a general review of Venezuela's petro-populism process,which has refined and summarized the policy background,content,and consequences of Venezuela's policy in the process,pointing out the plight of petro-populism in Venezuela and its warning significance to China.