Measurement And Comparison Of Emission Transfer And Employment Transfer From The Perspective Of Global Value Chain

With the deepening of international industrial division,each economy participates in the global value chain with its own comparative advantages.While sharing open cooperation dividends,countries also face the imbalance of income,especially have big debates on carbon emissions and jobs.For most developed countries,high emission industries have been transferred to developing countries,but they have lost jobs for low-skill labor;for most developing countries,a large number of employment opportunities have been obtained from the transfer of high emission industries.Because production and consumption are geographically separable,the carbon emissions and labor factors implied in trade goods also take place among countries.Therefore,clarifying the hidden emission transfer and employment transfer in international trade has important practical significance for solving international disputes and measuring trade gains of various economies.In view of this,this paper puts forward a method for calculating emission transfer and employment transfer by using ICIO model.And we bring carbon emissions and employment into a framework,building an index of carbon emissions of unit low-skill labor.It provides a new perspective for benefits of different economic.In this paper,we divide the world into 7 countries or regions and separate labors into three categories,including low-skill,middle-skill and high-skill.Then this paper measures and compares the hidden emission transfer and employment transfer in the global value chain by using world input-output database and its satellite data from 1995 to 2009,and also measures carbon emissions of unit low-skill labor of both production and consumption.At the meantime,we decompose the contribution rate of this intensity in the dimension of economies.Furthermore,using the method of SDA,this paper depicts the influence of direct carbon emission coefficient effect,intermediate input technology structure effect,employment coefficient effect and final demand effect on the changes of seven economies' carbon emissions of unit low-skill labor.Results show that:(1)The developing countries are the main contributors to the increase of global carbon emissions,but all developed countries transfer a part of their own carbon emissions to other countries.The United States has the maximum amount of emission transfer.China has now become the only destination for emissiontransfer of other 6 countries or regions.(2)There is a real shift of labors attached to trade goods from developed countries to developing countries.It is found that all developed countries are labor exporting countries,and the final demand of other countries in the world has stimulated China's employment,especially low-skill labor.(3)The growth of global carbon emissions of unit low-skill labor shows that the growth rate of the global economy is significantly slower than the growth rate of environmental pollution.The direct carbon emission coefficient effect is the main factor to inhibit the increase of carbon emissions of unit low-skill labor.On the contrary,the employment coefficient effect is the biggest driving factor for the increase of carbon emissions of unit low-skill labor.Considering the final demand,the change of technological structure in all developing countries is not conducive to their economic performance and carbon emission reduction.The change of final demand in developed countries is beneficial to the decline of carbon emissions of unit low-skill labor.Finally,according to the empirical results,this paper puts forward some corresponding policy suggestions.