Contamination Of Estrogens In Livestock Manure And Their Fates During Aerobic Composting Process

Environmental estrogens,a type of organic pollutants attracting international focus,can induce a decline in the reproductive capacity of wild animals and affect the human endocrine system,thus threatening public health.Livestock manure is the main source of environmental estrogens,and a large number of estrogens found in manure pour into major ecosystems.It would cause the pollution of the soil,surface water,and groundwater environment and so threaten the safety of human and animals.However,the survey data of estrogens in the livestock manure and the organic fertilizer is currently unavailable in China.The investigations about estrogens are key to carrying out the obtaining of a relevant and valuable database.In this paper,the samples of livestock manure were collected from typical aquaculture enterprises in Jiangsu province.The characteristics and the level of estrogens emission from the livestock manure were also analyzed.We study the dynamic changes of estrogencontent in livestock manure during composting,reveal the characteristics of the contamination resulted by estrogen in livestock manure and investigate the contamination of estrogens in the organic manure obtained from livestock manure.The main outcomes in the study were as follow:(1)The contamination and risk assessment of estrogens in livestock in Jiangsu province were revealed.Solid phase extraction(SPE)-high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)/fluorescence detection(FLD)method was used to detect estriol E3,17?-estradiol(17?-E2),bisphenol A(BPA)and ethinylestradiol(EE2)in the 41st samples from hens,ducks,swine,and cows.The mean concentrations of E3,17?-E2,BPA and EE2 from hens manures were 289.84,38.62,63.59 and 14.28 ?g/kg,respectively.The average concentrations of E3,17?-E2,BPA and EE2 from ducks manures were 334.15,10.87,48.66 and 11.29 ?g/kg,respectively.The mean concentrations of E3,17?-E2,BPA and EE2 from swine manures were 330.30,52.88,51.87 and 25.10 ?g/kg,respectively.The average concentrations of E3,17?-E2,BPA and EE2 from cows' manures were 33.68,38.82,11.66 and 21.78 ?g/kg,respectively.In addition,the estrogen concentrations of swine manure in different growth stages were analyzed.The results indicated that the estrogen content is rising with swine growth.The total estradiol equivalency(EEQt)of the aquatic environment from livestock waste was 10.453 ng/L.The estimated data suggests that livestock wastes may affect the estrogens content of aquatic organisms.(2)In this paper,we analyze the alteration of estrogens in livestock manure during fermentation and reveal the relationship with the fermentation time,the addition of standard estrogen solution,the moisture content,the number of the stack times,the types of feces and the content of estrogens.The effect of compost with 53.27%moisture content was better than that of the compost with a moisture content of 68.11%.The results indicated that with low moisture content,the overall removal rate of the estrogens was higher compared to high moisture in livestock manure during composting.In this paper,the study was on three cow dung compost,which is turned with a different frequency(A:no turning,B:once two days,and C:twice one day).The degradation rate of estrogens in C manure is better than B.The degradation rate of estrogens in B manure is better than A.The composting results of the different types of livestock manure showed that cow manure has an optimal removal rate of estrogens during composting,but major estrogens also hold on livestock manure after composting processes.(3)The estrogens contents(E3,17?-E2,BPA and EE2 in 17 organic fertilizer samples)of the organic fertilizer from livestock manure was detected by SPE-HPLC/FLD.The mean concentrations of E3,17?-E2 and BPA in organic fertilizer from hens manures were 270.24,2.71 and 87.93 ?g/kg,respectively,and EE2 have no detected.The mean concentrations of E3,17?-E2,BPA and EE2 in organic fertilizer from swine manures were 609.71,41.84,32.69 and 46.74 ?g/kg,respectively.The mean concentrations of E3 in organic fertilizer from cows manures were 50.96 ?g/kg and 17?-E2,BPA and EE2 have no detected.The results manifested that the estrogens contents in organic fertilizer are lower than that in the fresh livestock manures.Our study suggests that the pollution risk of estrogens in the organic fertilizer is lower compared to that in fresh livestock manure,but we also need to pay attention to its pollution risk.