Evaluation And Animal Feeding Experiment Of Selenium-rich Red Rice Nutrition

Rice is the most important staple food in many countries.Although most cultivars of rice have whitish kernels,some variants also have red kernels.Red rice?Oryza sativa L.?contains various beneficial nutrients including vitamins,?-oryzanol,?-carotene,tocopherol,anthocyanins and many more.Anthocyanin works as an antioxidant,because it plays significant role in eliminating free radicals and reacting oxygen species.However,the antioxidant activities of red rice extracts have not been fully elucidated.Current study demonstrated the breeding of high-anthocyanin red hybrid rice as well as determines the anthocyanin contents of red rice.Moreover,assessed the influence of external and inherent conditions;light,temperature,pH,metal ions,Vitamin C and NaHSO₃ on the anthocyanin stability and antioxidant activity of red rice extracts.Using HPLC,it was demonstrated that the major free phenolic compound in the pericarp and seed coat of red rice was cyanidin,which is belong to anthocyanins,only exist in the surface of red rice as content of 1.64±0.10 mg/g in episperm.Besides,red rice anthocyanin could be stored with Vitamin C and NaHSO₃,and be protected from light,high temperature,pH and metal ions.Antioxidant activity proved that anthocyanins performed better than Vitamin C in ferrous ions chelating activity,scavenging activities for hydroxyl and DPPH radicals.Selenium?Se?is a vital element for animals and humans and selenium-rich rice can provide the selenium nutrition for human beings.Selenium acts as a chemo preventive agent for specific cancers,which can be useful as protective agent against stress.The objective of this study was to breed healthy selenium rich red glutinous rice serving as diet and search for convenient methods to extract protein from grain and measure the protein and selenium concentration.Furthermore,determine the interaction of selenium and protein in different parts of red glutinous rice seeds.After progress of five years breeding,the red glutinous rice achieved the standard??40ng/g?selenium contents of 121.75±3.01 ng/g.Total selenium concentrations in the rice fractions varied in the following order:husk?polished rice?whole grain?bran.Through the analysis of the protein content in different red glutinous rice parts,compared with the selenium concentration,we have made a conclusion that more than 80%selenium in the grain is organic selenium?in selenoprotein form?and more than half of the total selenium is in the endosperm of the red glutinous rice.In previous studies,selenium was reported to lead to a strong antioxidant activity in animals.However,the mechanism underlying natural cereal selenium and sodium selenite?Na₂SO₃?-induced biological changes has not yet been well elucidated.The study aims to explore the gene alterations in hearts of elderly mice exposed to selenium by using the RNA-Seq technique.Between non-selenium rich white rice and selenium-rich red polished rice groups,53genes were significantly differentially expressed.Gene ontology?GO?analysis suggested that cellular process,binding,biological regulation and catalytic activity accounted for the majority of differentially expressed genes.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes?KEGG?analysis indicated that Se might be involved in 123 pathways,such as colorectal cancer,prostate cancer,small cell lung cancer,longevity regulating pathway and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.Afterwards,the effect of selenium-rich rice on the antioxidant activity of mice was evaluated.The high selenium caused high total antioxidant capacity?T-AOC?,high superoxide dismutase?SOD?,low methane dicarboxylic aldehyde?MDA?and the increase glutathione peroxidase?GSH-Px?in livers of mice.Quantitative real-time PCR?qRT-PCR?results revealed that the expression levels of both FOXO1 and FOXO3 genes,which acted as the regulators of apoptosis and antioxidant enzyme,were significantly enhanced after elderly mice ate selenium-rich red rice.In summary,as an alternate and natural source of selenium and anthocyanins,Se-rich red rice and selenium rich red glutinous rice meets the demand of Se and anthocyanins intake of human beings.Se-rich red rice and selenium rich red glutinous rice might be used as a natural healthy food and a natural antioxidant,which could be applied as preventive measures against cancer and supplements in medical treatments near future.