Health Assessment And Countermeasures Of Offshore Ecosystem In Shanghai,China

Oceans are the most important source of life on this planet,not only to regulate the global climate,but also to play a vital role in providing food,livelihoods and entertainment.The 18 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to improve the development and protection of marine resources,and also to build a maritime power.As a coastal megacity;Shanghai,analysis the current status and trends of offshore ecosystem health as well as the interaction between cities and oceans in order to provide scientific support for the sustainable development of Shanghai and its ocean.Based on the international and domestic offshore ecosystem health assessment methods,this study used the Ocean Health Index(OHI)and the Pressure-StateResponse(PSR)as key evaluation strategies.These two methods were modified into the OHI-SH(Shanghai)and PSR-SH(Shanghai)evaluation index system of the ocean area in Shanghai,and the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)was used to calculate the index weights.Based on the interpretation of changes in trends and status,critical evaluation of the health status for Shanghai's offshore ecosystem was evaluated.(1)From 2009 to 2016,the results of OHI-SH and PSR-SH figures showed an increasing trend.This indicates that the health of Shanghai's offshore ecosystem was improving.(2)OHI-SH evaluation results were less fluctuating,with scores ranging from 54.93-61.49;PSR-SH evaluation results fluctuate with scores ranging from 0.17 to 0.64.(3)There are indicators of port pressures,marine disasters,marine functional area environment,marine management and scientific research in the PSR-SH indicator system,but these indicators are not available in the OHI-SH indicator system.The PSRSH evaluation index system is more comprehensive and conforms to the Shanghai's offshore ecosystem.(4)In 2015,the OHI-SH score was 59.79,which was lower than the global score(71 points)and the Chinese score(61 points)in the same year,and the PSR-SH score was 0.63 in same year.Based on the results of OHI-SH and PSR-SH evaluation,Shanghai offshore ecosystem was in the category of sub-healthy in 2015.Both OHI-SH and PSR-SH evaluation methods belong to the indicator system methods.Among the OHI-SH evaluation results,the clean water source,carbon sink,coastal protection,leisure tourism and biodiversity scores are relatively low,indicating that their health status is poor and needs improvement.The government should strengthen the control of marine pollution in Shanghai;develop marine tourism,improve the marine tourism experience of visitors to Shanghai;restore the area of coastal wetlands,control cofferdams,enhance carbon storage capacity and anti-erosion ability of beaches and conserving biodiversity.Among the results of PSR-SH,landbased pollution,water quality and biodiversity scores were low and fluctuating,the score of fishing and coastal habitat conditions were low in the early and mid-term,which means these indicators are not healthy and need to be improved.As a result of offshore ecosystem health assessment in Shanghai,the government should control pollution from the root causes,reduce land source pollution,control and reduce ship pollutant emissions;improve the marine ecological environment,protect biodiversity;implement proliferation and release,enrich fish species;scientifically manage and protect wetlands.Measures should be taken to solve the problem,focusing on the construction of marine ecological civilization,and combining sea-land equilibrium to improve the marine environmental protection and management effects in Shanghai.