Toxicological Effects Of AHTN To Aquatic Organisms And The Study Of Water Quality Criteria

AHTN(tonalide)is one of the main synthetic musk.At present,AHTN is widely used as fragrance additive in numerous consumer products.AHTN is of great worldwide concern owing to its adverse effects on aquatic organisms and frequent detection in both domestic and foreign aquatic environments.However,data on AHTN toxicity toward aquatic species are limited.It is difficult to evaluate the toxic effects of AHTN on aquatic organisms.Therefore,in this study,toxicity tests were conducted on 8 species of aquatic organisms from 3 families and 8 families in China.In this work,AHTN toxicity data for eight Chinese native freshwater organisms were used to derive a criterion maximum concentration of 59.39 ?g/L and a criterion continuous concentration of 22.43?g/L using United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.The CMC value was within one order of magnitude compared with the results of log-normal species sensitivity distribution(SSD)(106.683 ?g/L)and log-logistic SSD(100.686 ?g/L)method.Toxicity tests showed that the annelid Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and the amphibian Rana nigromaculata were the least and most sensitive species to AHTN,respectively.The sensitivity of the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna to AHTN obviously differed from that of the benthic crustacean Macrobrachium nipponense.When comparing native and non-native toxicity data,no significant difference was found between native and non-native species(p=0.310).Furthermore,AHTN was found to be slightly more toxic than galaxalide(HHCB)between the toxicity comparison of two main polycyclic musk.The correlation analysis of AHTN and HHCB exhibited a strong positive linear correlation with the correlation coefficient(R2)of 0.8622 and 0.8888 in water and sediment.The ecological risk assessment showed that AHTN and HHCB posed a higher risk in foreign surface waters than Chinese waters,but a lower risk in foreign wastewater treatment plant effluent than in China.The ecological risks of AHTN and HHCB in most surveyed water bodies of various countries were at acceptable levels,with a few exceptions.Due to the continuous use of AHTN and HHCB in the environment,their environmental exposure and harm to aquatic organisms still deserve long-term attention.The effects of AHTN on oxidative stress of Rhodeinae sinensis Gunther and M.nipponense were also studied in this paper.First,malonaldehyde(MDA)content and the activities of acetyl cholinesterase(AchE),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione S-transferase(GST),and catalase(CAT)in R.sinensis Gunther and M.nipponense were tested after 30 and 40 days of exposure to AHTN,respectively.In addition,an integrated biomarker response(IBR)index was utilised to evaluate the integrated toxic effects of AHTN on R.sinensis Gunther and M.nipponense.Finally,the predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs)of AHTN,based on reproduction,biochemistry,survival,chronic toxicity,and acute toxicity endpoints were derived.The results indicated that the no observed effect concentrations(NOECs)of SOD,GST,AchE,CAT,and MDA were 103.680,72.000,<60.000,72.000,and<60.000 ?g/L for R.sinensis Gunther and 8.426,43.421,30.093,30.093,and 38.426 ?g/L for M.nipponense,respectively.The IBR calculation results showed that 149.299 ?g/L AHTN caused the highest toxic effect on R.sinensis Gunther after 30 days of exposure,whereas 70.797 ?g/L AHTN caused the greatest damage to M.nipponense after 40 days of exposure.The PNECs of AHTN based on biochemistry and reproduction endpoints were 0.00145 ?g/L and 0.000395 ?g/L,respectively,which were significantly lower than the PNEC of survival.