| As the core city of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration,Shanghai has a population of more than 24 million people.The urban expansion is accompanied by increasing environmental pressure year by year.Among them,the water environment problem is a more prominent one.According to the information reviewed,the number of allergic people in Shanghai accounts for 12-15% of the total population,and the number of allergic people is about 2.5 million.As a commonly used drug for the treatment of allergic diseases,antihistamines are widely used in Shanghai.There are many related studies on this class of drugs in other parts of the world such as North America,Europe,Japan,etc.However,the research on antihistamines is almost blank in Shanghai and even the whole country.Basic information such as concentration levels and sources are lacking.Therefore,this article takes antihistamines as the target and conducts a series of studies on its occurrence,concentration levels,potential sources and ecological risks in Shanghai ’s surface water.The main findings are as follows:(1)In the typical surface water in Shanghai,the overall detection rates and concentration levels of CMD and FXD among the six antihistamines are relatively higher than those of the other four drugs,with detection rates of 54.28% and 65.71%,respectively.The average concentration levels are 7.24 ng / L and 12.20 ng / L,respectively.The detection rate and concentration level of the other four antihistamines are relatively low,the detection rate is less than 50%,and the concentration level is less than 5 ng / L.The average concentration of CPM is below the detection limit The detection rate was 4.76%.Compared with the concentration levels of antihistamines in surface water in other regions of the world,it is found that the concentration levels of antihistamines in Shanghai’s surface water are relatively low.(2)In the influent of six typical sewage treatment plants,the concentrations of the three antihistamines FXD,CMD and CTZ are relatively high,respectively 183.99 ng / L,114.69 ng / L,102.10 ng / L,The concentration levels of the other three drugs are relatively low,with average concentrations below 70 ng / L.The average removal rates of the six antihistamines were relatively high,CPM and CTZ,with removal rates of 52.88% and 35.54%,respectively,while the average removal rates of the other four antihistamines were less than 30%.In the effluent,the concentrations of the two antihistamines FXD and CMD are relatively high,at 134.18 ng / L and 82.09 ng / L,respectively.The concentration levels of the other four drugs are below 60 ng / L,of which the lowest concentration is CPM is 4.36 ng / L.By comparing the concentration levels of antihistamines in surface water and sewage treatment plants in other countries,it can be found that the antihistamines in typical sewage treatment plants in Shanghai are at low levels.(3)The results of Spearman’s correlation analysis show that the pollutants in the water samples of the sewage treatment plant outlet have a strong correlation with the pollutants in the corresponding sampling points of the river,and their correlation coefficients are all greater than 0.6,indicating that the sewage treatment plant may be It is one of the sources of antihistamines in surface water.From the results of principal component analysis,there is only one principal component,and the contribution rate of this principal component has reached 97.4%.The pollution characteristics of the sewage treatment plant further prove that the sewage treatment plant is the main source of antihistamine drugs in surface water.(4)The results of the ecological risk assessment indicate that among the six antihistamines investigated,the DPH and FXD risk levels are moderate(0.1 <RQ <1).In the future,the concentration levels of these two drugs may be Further increase requires attention.The other four drugs have a lower risk level(RQ <0.1),namely CTZ,CPM,CMD and RNT,and the risks of these four targets to aquatic organisms are negligible. |
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