The Research On Pollination Biology Of Schisandra Sphenanthera

Schisandra sphenanthera is a perennial woody liana which belongs to the Magnoliaceae family,and it is also a medicinal and edible plant.The food of S.sphenanthera belongs to level 3 wild protection herbs and it is included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.There are rich wild resources of S.in Chinese,but the exploitation and utilization of them were ignored.In recent years,domestic and foreign scholars studied on medicinal components,germplasm resources,morphologic characters,but there is little study on pollination biology,and the scholars had different views on pollination biology S.sphenanthera.In this study,the S.sphenanthera was used to be experimental materials,and the phenophase of blooming,floral characters,breeding system and pollination medium were studied by field study,structure anatomy,electron microscopy scanning,paraffin section,benzidine and hydrogen peroxide method,in vitro pollen germination,gauze bags,artificial pollination.And the stereo microscope,biological microscope,scanning electron microscope,fluorescence microscope,ultraviolet spectrophotometer were used in this experiment.This study will provide a basis for studies of exploitation and utilization of wild resources,artificial cultivation,cross breeding and resource protection of S.sphenanthera.The results of the studies are as follows:(1)The florescence of S.sphenanthera was from late April and early May,there were more rain during this time and the crown was thick with leaves,these features were not convenience for the pollens spreading by wind.There are 41 days from flower bud differentiation to flowers withered of male S.sphenanthera,and there are 43.5 days from flower bud differentiation to flowers withered of female Schisandra sphenanthera,The flowering process of male S.sphenanthera is 9.5 days,the flowering process of female S.sphenanthera is 9 days.(2)The features of male and female S.sphenanthera corolla had the obvious characteristics of insect pollination.The corolla of was rose-like and faced downwards the ground when it matured,the petals were arranged in imbrications.The inside and outside of the petals had irregular grains and irregular distribution of stomata.The color of the petals were red or yellow and the corolla had intense fragrance.(3)The pollens of male S.sphenanthera had the obvious characteristics of insect pollination.Many pollens of male S.sphenanthera blew to the neighbouring leaves and petals when them matured.The pollen was oblate and heteropolar,it belongs to middle pollens because the diameter is 16.50-26.32 ?m according to the standard of G Erdtman,its polar view was 6-lobed circular,6 germinal furrows was gradually formed with flower development,of which 3 long furrows joined together at one pole to form an integrated furrow and 3 short ones did not reach the poles,the long and short furrows were alternatively arranged.The pollen size is similar to the characteristics of wind pollination,but the shape and outside ornamentation is similar to the insect pollination.(4)The stigma of female S.sphenanthera had the characteristics of insect pollination.The gynecium of female S.sphenanthera were ovoid and its diameter is 5.95-6.47mm,the ovary is falciform oval,its length is 2.35-2.71mm,the stigma were narrow and downward stretch into irregular appendage.(5)The soluble sugar of flower stalks,petals and stamens of male S.Sphenanthera all reached a maximum value at full-bloom stage in different development stage.The soluble sugar of female flower's stalks,petals and gynoecium all reached a maximum value at blooming stage in different development stage and then began to remit.The petals had the highest soluble sugar between male flower 's stalks,petals and stamens at the same development stage but in different organ.The gynoecium had the highest soluble sugar between male flower's stalks,petals and gynoecium at the same development stage but in different organ.The soluble protein of flower stalks,petals of male S.sphenantheraand decreased firstly and then increased at different development stage.The flower stalks and stamens had higher soluble protein at the same development time in different part of S.Sphenanthera flower.The petals and gynoecium had higher soluble protein at the same development time in different part of female S.Sphenanthera flower.(6)The pollen competitiveness of S.sphenanthera is pretty weak which go against wind-borne.The mean number of pollen grains single anther of S.sphenanthera was 3133-4093,the fittest medium for wild pollen of staminiferous plant A was 1%agar+0.015%boric acid+10%sugar,the germination rate was 27.74%;the fittest medium for wild pollen of staminiferous plant B was 1%agar+0.02%boric acid+15%sugar,the germination rate was 35.95%.After the antheral maturity crazing,the pollen viability of the both two wild saminiferous plant dropped soon,totally loses its activity 24 hours later.(7)The receptible period of pistillate flower stigmas of Schisandra sphenanthera was relatively long,the pollen and pistil had strong affinity which was beneficial to pollination and fertilization.The receptible period of pistillate flower stigmas of S.sphenanthera was about 13-15 days,the variation trend of mucus secretion of style and stigma receptivity were identical,as more mucus secretion,the receptivity of stigma was stronger,and the receptivity of stigma was weaker when the less mucus secretion;the pollen of S.sphenanthera began germination when the pistil be pollinated about 4-6 hours later.Pollen germinating plentiful 8 hours later,the pollen tube arrived at ovary 36 hours later and enters embryo sac by degenerated synergid,sperm cells were released in to cell.(8)In this study,we didn't find the phenomenon of parthenocarpy in S.sphenanthera,S.sphenanthera may have the ability of apomixes.(9)The insects which visited the flower of S.sphenanthera had 23 species,them belongs to 19 families and 7 orders,them are Orthoptera,Dermaptera,Hemiptera,Hymenoptera,Diptera,Coleoptera,Lepidoptera.Most of insects which visited the flower belongs to Coleoptera and Hymenoptera,and we didn't find the insect of Thysanoptera to visit the flower of S.sphenanthera,we found bees to visit the flower of S.sphenanthera.(10)The flower fruiting rate and capel fruiting rate with artificial pollination were higher than the natural pollination.The flower fruiting rate was 91.02%and the capel fruiting rate was 74.01%while the father was male wild plan A.The flower fruiting rate was 76.67%and the capel fruiting rate was 81.14%while the father was male wild plan B.The flower fruiting rate was 62.34%and the capel fruiting rate was 44.08%by natural pollination.