Effects Of Different Feeding Patterns On Gut Microbiota Of Piglets

Intestinal flora plays a critical role in both health and disease.Infant period is an important period for colonization of intestinal flora.Gut microbiota was affected by diet,gestational age,environment factors and so on.The establishment of early intestinal microecology in infants has a significant impact on life-long health.This study aims to investigate the early colonization of intestinal flora in lactating piglets and the effects of different feeding patterns on intestinal microecology,and to provide a theoretical reference for exploring the feeding patterns of intestinal microflora.In this study,piglets were born vaginally by 4 Yorkshire sows from Beijing Centre of SPF Swine Breeding and Management(Centre).Twenty piglets divided into three groups,7 for breast-fed group,6 for formula 1 fed group and 7 for formula 2 fed group.Fecal samples were collected at the day 4-6,day 12 and day 20-21 after birth and stored at-80?.The DNA of stool samples were extracted and amplification were performed targeting the variable regions 3 and 4 of 16S rDNA gene.The fecal microbiota was sequenced using pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA genes on the Illumina MiSeq platform.The results are as follows:1 A large number of microbial colonization occurred within 4-6 days after birth,mainly Streptococcus,Unclassified.Enterobacteriaceae,Bacteroides and Fusobacterium and so on,With the increase of age,the diversity of intestinal flora increased;2 Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant phula of three groups.At genus level,Bacteroides,Akkermansia,Parabacteroides and Unclassified.Enterobacteriaceae were the main dominant bacteria in breast-fed group,while Oscillospira,Unclassified.Ruminococcaceae,Fusobacterium and Lactobacillus were the main dominant bacteria in the formula 1 fed group,and Bacteroides,Unclassified.Ruminococcaceae,Ruminococcus,Prevotella,Catenibacterium and Butyricimonas were the main dominant bacteria in the formula 2 fed group;3 According to the comparison of ?-diversity of intestinal flora of piglets by age,there was no significant difference in the diversity and evenness of intestinal flora of piglets.However,there was a significant difference on richness at 4-6 days old and 20-21 days old,the richness index of formula fed group was higher than that breast-fed group;4 Comparison of ?-diversity of intestinal flora by age showed that there was significant difference between breast-fed group and formula fed group,while no difference was identified between formula 1 fed group and formula 2 fed group;5 LDA Effect Size analysis was performed on intestinal flora of piglets by ages,at phylum level,only formula 1 fed group have the biomarker,that was at 4-6 days old;and Actinobacteria was the biomarker for formula 2 fed group at 12 days old and breast-fed group at 20-21 days old;At genus level,at 4-6 days old,the breast-fed group have two biomarkers,those were Fusobacterium and Epulopiscium,Bilophila and Parabacteroides were the biomarker of formula 1 fed group,and Eubacterium was the biomarker of formula 2 fed group;At 12 days old,there were 15 biomarkers in breast-fed group,Clostridium was the biggest contributor among them,and there were 4 biomarkers in formula 1 fed group,Faecalibacterium was the biggest contributor among them,while there were 4 biomarkers in formula 2 fed group,Catenibacterium was the biggest contributor among them;At 20-21 days old,there were 12 biomarkers in breast-fed group,Enterococcus was the biggest contributor among them,and there were 6 biomarkers in formula 1 fed group,Catenibacterium was the biggest contributor among them,while there were 9 biomarkers in formula 2 fed group,Oxalobacter was the biggest contributor among them.From the above results,it can be concluded as follows:1 A large number of microbial colonization occurred within 4-6 days after birth,mainly facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria,the number and species of obligate anaerobic bacteria are more than the facultative anaerobic bacteria;with the increase of age,the diversity of intestinal flora increased;2 The results of the effects of different feeding patterns on the colonization of piglets were as follows:(1)The richness of the intestinal microbes of piglets in formula fed group were higher than those of breastfed piglets.There was no significant difference in evenness and diversity;(2)Intestinal flora profiles of piglets from three groups were similar at phylum level,and Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were always the dominant phula throughout the feeding period;(3)There was significant difference among 3 groups at genus level;Bacteroides was the dominant genus in the breast group at whole fed stages,while there was a big difference in formula fed group;...