| A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different fertilization methods on the yield,water absorption and utilization efficiency,fertilizer absorption and utilization efficiency of rained winter wheat and soil microbial activity,etc under the ridge film furrow sowing cultivation conditions in Southern Shanxi,in order to provide a theoretical basis for high yield-efficiency fertilization and cultivation techniques of rained winter wheat in Southern Shanxi.The main results shew that:(1)The total number of stems in wheat was the highest at the green stage under the fertilization measures.Compared with the other fertilization treatments,the number of total stems of the combination of bacterial and chemical fertilizer application increased by 14.11%,5.43%,20.60%and 14.84%respectively at mature stage.Compared with farmer fertilization measures,the dry matter accumulation under the combination of bacterial and chemical fertilizer treatment at flowering and maturing stages has significantly increased by 17.95%and 17.73%,however,the difference of the soil testing and regulation fertilization treatment and the reducing nitrogen by 20%on basis of soil testing and regulation fertilization treatment was not significant.The dry matter accumulation at jointing and flowering stage accounted for the whole growth stage was 48.56%to 63.94%,which is the peak period of wheat dry matter accumulation.(2)The grain yield and biomass of wheat were the highest under the combination of bacterial and chemical fertilizer application,they were respectively 23.19%and 17.13%higher than farmer fertilization.Spike number per hectare of wheat was the highest under the bacteria and inorganic fertilizer measures,which was respectively 5.43%to 20.60%higher than other fertilizers,and the soil testing and regulation fertilization treatment significantly increased by 14.39%compared with he reducing nitrogen by 20%on basis of soil testing and regulation fertilization treatment.The grains number per spike under the organic and inorganic fertilizers and bacteria inorganic fertilizers was significantly higher than other fertilization treatments.(3)Compared with the measurement-control measures and the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures,the water storage capacity of 0-200cm soil layer after harvest under the organic and inorganic fertilizers measures has significantly increased by 5.27%and 5.96%,and the measurement-control measures reduce nitrogen by 20%has significantly increased by 4.96%than measurement-control measures.Compared with farmer fertilization and the measurement-control measures reduce nitrogen by 20%and bacteria inorganic fertilizers,the soil water use efficiency under the organic and inorganic fertilizers and the measurement-control measures has significantly increased by 16.68%,14.57%,14.82%and 14.47%,12.41%,12.65%,respectively.Compared with farmer fertilization and the measurement-control measures reduce nitrogen by 20%,precipitation production efficiency at wheat growth stage under the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures has significantly increased by 23.19%and 12.38%,respectively.There was no significant difference between the measurement-control measures and the measurement-control measures reduce nitrogen by 20%.(4)Compared with the measurement-control measures and the measurement-control measures reduce nitrogen by 20%,the accumulation of NO3-N in soil at harvest under the organic and inorganic fertilizers and the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures has decreased by 17.97%,24.97%and 20.80%,27.83%,respectively.The results showed that organic and inorganic fertilizers and the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures was beneficial to the uptake of nitrogen by crops and could reduce the residual nitrogen in soil.(5)The accumulation of N,P and K in wheat growth stage has reached the maximum at mature.The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers and the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures on the accumulation of N,P and K in the later stages of wheat growth was more obvious.The uptake of N,P and K in wheat was mainly at jointing to flowering stage.The distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in different organs of wheat shoot at mature was grain>leaf>glume>wheat axis,the K accumulation was the highest in shoot.The total N,P and K accumulation was the highest under the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures,compared with the measurement-control measures reduce nitrogen by 20%,the K accumulation has increased by 12.0%,and the total nitrogen and phosphorus absorption was also increased,but the difference was not significant.(6)Organic and inorganic fertilizers and the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures on nitrogen apparent recovery rate than farmers fertilization significantly increased 319.81%,374.11%,the apparent P recovery rate is increased by 43.09%and 61.70%,but the difference is not significant,the apparent recovery rate of potassium is shown as the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures was significantly higher than that of measurement-control measures,the measurement-control measures reduce nitrogen by 20%and organic and inorganic fertilizers 21.44%,34%and 30.36%;the measurement-control measures and the measurement-control measures reduce nitrogen by 20%N,P and K apparent recovery rate,physiological efficiency and harvest index were not significantly different;Organic inorganic fertilizer fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer nitrogen apparent loss rate than the fertilization and control treatments significantly decreased by 50.61%,38.07%,39.57%and 52.07%.(7)Mature 0-20cm soil organic carbon content for organic and inorganic fertilizer and manure and inorganic fertilizer treatment was the highest.Among them,soil particulate organic carbon to organic and inorganic fertilizer and fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer was significantly higher than other treatments 20.59%-54.21%;dissolved organic carbon content and soil water soluble organic carbon to inorganic fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer than other treatments significantly increased 17.69%-39.09%and 19.84%-33.26%.(8)Reviving stage to flowering stage,organic and inorganic fertilizers and the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures on soil microbial biomass carbon content than farmers fertilization,measurement-control measures and measurement-control measures reduce nitrogen by 20%significantly increased 12.1%-172.9%and 20.3%-245.6%(P<0.05);flowering and maturity of organic and inorganic fertilizers and the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures microbial biomass nitrogen content was significantly higher than the farmer fertilization and measurement-control measures 22.0%-43.6%and 41.5%-60.6%;the whole growth period of organic and inorganic fertilizers and the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures on soil microbial biomass phosphorus content respectively than farmer fertilization treatment increase 14.6%-83.0%and 5.8%-87.9%.(9)The activities of invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase were higher in the upper layer(0-20cm)than that in the lower layer(20-40cm).The activity of invertase showed higher in the measurement-control measures in regreening and jointing stage,while at flowering and maturing stage the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures is higher,the overall upward trend;the soil urease activity decreased at first and then increased,reached the maximum at the maturity stage;soil phosphatase activity was increased at first and then decreased,mature minimum period.At the late growth stage,soil invertase,urease,alkaline phosphatase activity for the overall performance of organic and inorganic fertilizers and the bacteria inorganic fertilizer measures was higher than that of other treatments,but the effect is not obvious.Therefore,soil nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were advised to combination appropriate amount of organic fertilizer and bacteria fertilizer on the basis of the ridge film furrow planting technology,could improve wheat grain yield,biomass,soil activity and soil carbon fraction,and reduce soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation and apparent loss of nitrogen,and it is suitable to be widely promoted and applied in dryland winter wheat planting area of Southern Shanxi. |
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