| Gastrointestinal parasitosis of sheep is a widespread infection caused by the protozoa and helminths,which have a significant effect on the growth of young animals particular.At present,the effect of spring adult parasitic high tide on ruminant is still a conspicuous problem in Tibet.Such as Haemonchus contortus and Echinococcus are widely distributed throughout Tibet region.Due to the hazards of gastrointestinal parasite,often causing many problems in sheep,such as production performance decrease,reduction of digestive ability,weight loss,poor quality of fleece,lower animal production,increase of morbidity and mortalit,and lead to enormous economic losses poor traffics and extensive management made limited access to veterinary services and delayed therapies for parasitic diseases.Although pastoralists grazing management and living environment have been greatly changed,the populations of sheep and goats are experiencing a decline in the past decade.Many scholars have been looking for biological and abiotic factors that cause a decline in the number of goats and sheep.Parasites are one of the biological factors that can directly or indirectly cause individual death,and are also important pathogens in animals.However,rare report is available on conditions of intestinal parasite infection in Tibetan sheep and under the different grazing management in Tibet.The application of modern molecular biology technology can not only investigate some important zoonotic pathogens,but also provide technical support for its phylogeny,population genetics and traceability.To survey the prevalence and infection circumstance of intestinal parasites in Tibetan sheep and Tibetan goat in Tibet,a total of 880 fresh fecal samples were collected from Gongbujiangda county and Naidong County,Zhanang county,Gongga County,Namling County and Xietongmen County.The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 88.98%(783/880).The infectious rate of gastrointestinal parasites for tibetan sheep and goat was 89.68%(556/620)and 88.07%(229/260)respectively.In the investigation of sheep parasites,the infection rate of Eimeria spp.,Entamoeba spp.,Strongyle spp.,Trichuris spp.,Nematodirus spp.,Moniezia spp.and Fasciola spp.were 79.5%(429/620),30.16%(187/620),40.48%(251/620),7.58%(47/620),2.42%(15/620),2.42%(15/620),and 0.97%(6/620),respectively.Among all parasites,Eimeria spp.(79.5%)was the prevalent species,followed by Strongyle spp.(40.5%)and Entamoeba spp.(30.2%).In the investigation of goats,the infection rate of Eimeria spp.,Entamoeba spp.,Strongyle spp.,Trichuris spp.,Moniezia spp.,and Ciliates spp.,were 29.6%(77/260),16.2%(42/260),5.4%(14/260),1.9%(5/260)and 0.4%(1/260),respectively.There were significant differences in the prevalence of intestinal nematodes between different foraging habitats.Coccidiosis is a major cause of death and disability in lamb.Sheep can infect different species of Eimeria,and different species of Eimeria have different pathogenicity.In order to understand the infection situation of Tibetan sheep and Tibetan goat coccidiosis in Tibet,880 Tibetan sheep and Tibetan goat fecal samples were examined by the sheather floatation method and the Eimeria species were identified based on morphological features and size of the sporulated oocysts.Results showed that the prevalence of Eimeria in Tibetan sheep and Tibetan goat was 79.5%(429/620)and 81.15%(211/260),respectively.12 species of sheep Eimeria and 12 species of goat Eimeria were identified.The dominant species of sheep were E.parva 39.4%(244/620)and E.pallida 31.3%(194/620),and the other spices were E.ovinoidalis21.8%(135/620),E.faurei17.6%(109/620),E.marsica12.9%(80/620),E.bakuensis11.0%(68/620),E.gonzalezi8.5%(53/620),E.granulose7.7%(48/620),E.weybridgensis4.0%(25/620),E.ahsata4.5%(28/620),E.intricate 2.7%(17/620),E.crandallis2.6%(16/620).Eimeria alijevi and Eimeria pallida were dominant species in twelve identified species in Tibetan Goat,with 52.7%(137/260)and 50.8%(132/260)infection rates.And the other species were E.christenseni 10.8%(28/260),E.kocharli 9.6%(25/260),E.hirci 8.8%(23/260),E.apsheronica 7.3%(19/260),E.arloingi 5%(13/260),E.caprina 4.2%(11/260),E.jolchijevi 2.7%(7/260),E.punctata 2.7%(7/260),E.ninakohlyakimovae 1.5%(4/260),E.caprovina 0.4%(1/260).Most of the samples were infected two to seven Eimeria species.And the sample main infected 2-3 species.Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an intracellular parasite-specific pathogen that affects a wide range of hosts,including a variety of spinal and non-vertebrate animals,including humans,and is also detected in some water and vegetables.In recent years,a number of investigations of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep and goats have been carried out,and some zoonotic genotypes have also been found in these investigations in sheep and goats.To assess the potential zoonoses of sheep Enterocytozoon bieneusi isolates from sheep in Tibet,phylogenetic analysis of different E.bieneusi isolates based on the ITS genes was performed to explore the prevalence and genetic characteristics of E.bieneusi in Tibetan sheep and goat in parts of Tibet.The overall prevalence of E.bieneusi was13.4%(118/880),12 genotypes of E.bieneusi were identified including 8 newly recorded species namely NEW1-8.And 4 were known genotypes,including Genotype I?CHG1?BEB6 and Epb C.12 genotypes detected in this study were divided into two branches of the phylogenetic tree,group 1 and group 2.Ebp C and NEW4 were clustered into Group 1 with high zoonotic potential in the phylogenetic analysis.And genotypes New1,New 2,New 3,New 5,New 6,New 7,New 8 located in the host-specific Group 2.Giardia,the most diarrheal intestinal protozoan,can spread widely between humans and many animals.Giardia duodenails is also a common intestinal parasite in sheep.Based on the SSU r RNA,TPI,BG and GDH genes,a positive sample of Giardia duodenalis was detected in Tibetan goat fecal samples.The total infection rate was 0.57%.The genotype of infection detected was assemblage E.The genotype of the gene is assemblage E5.The current study indicated that gastrointestinal parasitic infections occur frequently in Tibetan sheep in Tibet.Phylogenetic analysis and zoonotic risk assessment of different E.bieneusi isolates were carried out.It has positive significance to better protect the uniqueness of Tibetan sheep and reduce the threat of intestinal parasites to Tibetan sheep and human beings.Strengthened management and periodically antiparasitic treatments should be used to control the infection of parasite in Tibetan sheep. |
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