| In this study,three kinds of woody forage(mulberry leaf powder,paper-mulberry leaf meal and moringa leaf meal)were used as feed raw materials to substitute 4% of the basal diet,and the entire estrus cycle and reproductive cycle of sows were investigated to discuss the effects of these three woody feeds on fecal traits,milk components and reproductive performance of sows.It provided a theoretical basis and data support for the application of woody feed on sows of similar parity,body condition,number of births in the former parturition and feed intake.The experimental sows were divided into the control group,and the experimental groups A,B and C,with 20 replicates in each group,and one sow in each replicate.The control group was fed with the basal diet,and the experimental group A,B and C were fed with substitutions of 4% of mulberry leaf powder,4% of paper-mulberry leaf meal,and 4% of moringa leaf meal,respectively.Feeding began on 10 d before weaning.The first 3d was the preliminary feeding period,and the formal experimental period was a total of 158 days beginning from 7d before weaning to the estrous mating;the early stage of the pregnancy: 1-30d;mid pregnancy: 31-84d;late pregnancy: 85-delivery;lactation period: 21 d weaning in childbirth.The inspected indices were as follows: estrus breeding conditions,fecal traits,reproductive performance and milk samples etc.At the same time,five sows in each group,were tested for apparent metabolic rates of the protein by the endogenous indicator method on 80 d of pregnancy.Experimental results showed the following:(1)Additions of 4% of the mulberry leaf powder or 4% of the paper-mulberry leaf meal to the pregnant sow diet significantly increaseds the digestibility of the protein in the diet(3.99% and 4.18%);The 4% Moringa leaf powder addition had no significant effect on feed intake during the first week,but feed intake decreased significantly during the second and third weeks(P<0.05),(2)Additions of these three kinds of woody feeds to the diet improved the constipation status of sows during pregnancy,and the effect of 4% Moringa leaf powder addition has the best effect.The constipation rate of sows was significantly reduced during the mid-and late gestation and the whole pregnancy period(P<0.05).The constipation rate with 4% mulberry leaf powder addition,was significantly reduced during the pre-and mid-gestation periods and the whole pregnancy period(P<0.05),but not in late gestation.(3)Additions of these three woody feeds had different effects on the fecal score of sows during lactation.The 4% Moringa leaf powder group significantly reduced the sow fecal score in the first,second and third weeks and the whole lactation period(P<0.05);and the fecal score of the 4% mulberry leaf powder group decreased significantly in the first and second weeks and the whole lactation period(P<0.05);There was no significant effect of 4% paper-mulberry leaf meal group in each week and during the whole lactation period(P>0.05).(4)Additions of three kinds of woody feeds had different effects on the 7d estrus rate,conception rate,return rate and mating rate of sows.The 4% Moringa leaf powder group showed the best performance.The 7d estrus rate,the pregnancy rate and the delivery rate were increased by 16.98%,10%,10%,respectively,and the rate of return decreased by 10%.The 7d estrus rate of 4% mulberry leaf powder group and 4% paper-mulberry leaf meal group was increased by 13.04% and 7.54%,respectively.(5)Additions of 4% of mulberry leaf powder and Moringa leaf meal to sow diet significantly lowered the number of stillbirths(P<0.05),reduced MMA morbidity,hysteresis rate,dystocia rate,and labor duration(P<0.05),and increased the hair development score of weaned piglets(P<0.05);addition of 4% of Moringa leaf powder was not significant in lowering stil births,but was significantly effective in other indices(P<0.05). |
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