Effects Of Silicon Fertilizer On Lodging And Yield Related Factors In Common Buckwheat (F. Esculentum)

This study was took Youqiao2(anti-lodging variety,YQ2),Ningqiao1(medium lodging variety,NQ1)and Ukraine Daliqiao(susceptible lodging variety,W)as test materials.The field experiments with five levels of silicon fertilizer treatments(Si O2 application rates of CK,S1,S2,S3 and S4 were 0,100,200,300 and 400 kg·hm-2)(Si O225%)were conducted in 2015 and 2016,and the verification test was conducted in 2017.The experiment was a split-plot factorial and the main plots were silicon fertilizer application rate,the sub-plots were common buckwheat cultivar.Lodging behavior,yield and yield components,morphological characteristics of stem,morphological characteristics of root and the basal second internode of culm,anatomical structure,changes of lignin content and related enzymes activity,photosynthesis,the content of nitrogen,silicon,potassium of common buckwheat.This experiment was aimed to obtain the optimum silicon fertilizer application rate.The main results were as follows:1?In the same treatment,lodging degree of lodging susceptible variety was higher than medium and anti-lodging varieties;Lodging percentage showed a trend of W>NQ1>YQ2;The variety with anti-lodging ability had the late period of lodging,low level of lodging degree,and low lodging percentage.A proper amount of silicon fertilizer was used to delay the lodging period of the common buckwheat,reduce the lodging degree and reduce the lodging percentage.2?Under the control condition,the yield and grain number per plant of the three varieties were shown as: YQ2>NQ1>W;The thousand grain weight was expressed as NQ1>YQ2>W.The yield,grain number per plant and thousand grain weight of YQ2 increased and decreased with the increase of silicon,all of which reached the maximum value at S3.As the amount of silicon increased,NQ1 yield and thousand grain weight were increased first and then decreased,which reached the maximum value at S3 and S2 respectively.For W,the yield and grain number per plant increased with the increase of silicon.The thousand grain weight increased first and then decreased,and reached the maximum at S2.In addition,the amount of silicon fertilizer significantly increased the yield of common buckwheat,the number of per plant and the thousand grain weight.The overdose of silicon fertilizer(400kg/hm2)was not good for the increase of production.Compared with the susceptible cultivar,the increase in the yield of medium and anti-lodging varieties was more obvious.3?The application of silicon fertilizer significantly reduced the height and lodgingindex,and increased the breaking resistance of the stem.At the same stage,the height of the plant increased with the increase of silicon content in V type,and plant height at the S3 treatment was the smallest.The plant height showed a trend of: YQ2>NQ1>W.The amount of silicon increased,the plant fresh weight was increased first and then decreased,and S3 treatment was the largest.With the increase of silicon,the lodging index of the two varieties(YQ2 and NQ1)showed the trend of first ascending and then decreasing,and the W was gradually increased.4?With the increase of silicon,the length of the basal second internode of YQ2 and W stems decreased first and then increased,and the S3 treatment reached the minimum value.NQ1 increased with the increase of silicon fertilizer.Application of silicon fertilizer significantly increased the diameter and fullness of the second internode of the stem base.The amount of silicon was increased,and the basal second internode of YQ2 and NQ1 were first increased and then decreased,and the S3 treatment reached the minimum value.W increased with the increase of silicon.Under the control condition,the second internode of the base of the three varieties of stems was shown as:YQ2>NQ1>W.With the increase of silicon,the second internode fullness of the base of the stem was first increased and then decreased,and reached the maximum value in S3.Under the control conditions,the fullness of basal second internode was the largest of the anti-lodging variety,and the susceptible lodging variety were the smallest,the medium lodging variety between them.5?With the increase of silicon,the total root length and total root surface area gradually increased,and the average root diameter and the number of root tips increased first and then decreased.Under the same application of silicon,the total root length,total root surface area,average root diameter and root number of tips of YQ2 are greater than NQ1 and W.6?With the increase of silicon,the number of mechanical tissue layers and the area of the vascular bundle of the stem were changed with the single peak curve,and the maximum value was reached in S3.The thickness of the mechanical tissue and the thickness of the stem wall of YQ2 and NQ1 were increased first and then decreased with the increase of silicon,and reached the maximum value in S3;W was increased gradually.The number of mechanical tissue layers,the thickness of the mechanical tissue,the thickness of the stem wall and the area of the vascular bundle were all expressed as: YQ2>NQ1>W.7 ? With the increase of silicon,lignin,4CL(4-coumarate:Co A ligase),CAD(cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase)and PAL(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase)all showed a trend of single peak curve,which reached the maximum value in S3.With the stage,the lignin content gradually increased;The activity of 4CL,CAD and PAL increased first and then decreased,and the activity of filling stage was the highest.In the maturitystage,the activity of anti-lodging resistant cultivar 4CL was greater than that of the full bloom stage,while the anti-lodging and susceptible varieties were opposite.8?The effects of silicon fertilizer on SPAD,Pn,Gs,Tr and Ci was significant.With the stage,SPAD,Pn,Gs and Tr showed a trend of increased first and then decreased,and Ci gradually decreased.During the same stage,SPAD,Pn,Gs and Tr increased first and then decreased with the increase of silicon,while Ci gradually decreased.9?During the same stage,with the amount of silicon increased,the content of nitrogen and potassium increased gradually.The silicon content increased first and then decreased.Under the same treatment,the nitrogen content of the anti-lodging variety was higher than that of the susceptible variety,but less than that of the medium lodging variety.The content of silicon and potassium showed a trend of anti-lodging >medium lodging >susceptible lodging variety.In conclusion,the silicon fertilizer on common buckwheat lodging behavior,yield and yield components,morphological characteristics of stem,morphological characteristics of root and the basal second internode of culm,anatomical structure,changes of lignin content and related enzymes activity,photosynthesis,the content of nitrogen,silicon,potassium of common buckwheat was significant.A proper amount of silicon fertilizer can improve the breaking resistance ability,decrease the lodging percentage and increase the yield of common buckwheat.The optimum silicon content of anti-lodging and medium lodging varieties were 300 kg/hm2;The susceptible lodging variety was 400kg/hm2.