| In order to explore the soil ecological effects of different planting patterns in the semi-humid area,and the effects on the growth and yield of corn,four different planting patterns were selected for the field experiment in this study.The four planting patterns were autumn mulching(PA),autumn ridged-film raining(RH),pre-sowing mulching(PS)and autumn straw mulching(SA).The experimental study has made some progress.The research results provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of the agro-agricultural technology system and evaluation of different planting patterns.1.Effect of different mulching patterns on soil moisture(1)Different autumn cover treatments had significant effects on soil moisture before planting.PA,SA,and RH all significantly increased soil moisture before planting.Soil water storage in 0-200 cm soil layers during the 3a test was 61.3 mm higher than that of CK(11.74).%),46.1 mm(8.83%)and 35.4 mm(6.79%).In the years with less rainfall during the leisure period,the effect of PA during the fallow season was even more pronounced.In the spring drought of 2016,soil water storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer before the PA sowing was 30.5mm higher than that of the SA,RH,and CK(5.38%).),40.7mm(7.73%)and 65.5mm(13.05%)provide good moisture conditions for maize emergence and seedling stage;SA has better conservation effect during leisure period than rain-covered membrane treatment and bare land,and rainfall during leisure period In more years,there was no significant difference in soil water storage between 0 and 200 cm soil layers treated with SA and PA(P> 0.05),but in the years with less rainfall during the recreational period,the SA water content was significantly lower than that of PA,0-200 cm.Soil water storage in soil decreased by 30.5mm(5.38%)compared with PA,and was mainly in 0-40 cm of upper layer soil;RH had good water storage effect,but evaporation was significantly higher than PA and SA in winter and spring(P < 0.05)Soil water storage in 0-200 cm soil layer before sowing was significantly higher than that in CK,which was 24.8mm-47.0mm(4.95%-9.13%)higher than that of CK during the 3a test period,mainly in the 80-160 cm soil layer,and rainfall in the recreational period.In fewer years(2016),RH treatment did not significantly increase soil moisture before sowing.(2)During the growth period of maize,in the period with less rainfall,PA compared with other treatments can significantly increase the soil moisture content in 0-20 cm soil;and PA can promote the lower soil moisture to move upward during the filling stage of poplar flowers.The soil water content in the lower layer decreased rapidly,which resulted in the soil water content in the PA140-200 cm soil layer was significantly lower than that in other treatments at the later stage of corn growth.The soil water content of the PS in the jointing stage was significantly lower than that of the PA,and the soil moisture content between the soil layers of the PA and PS in the later stage.The difference was not significant,but in the pre-sowing drought 2016,the soil moisture content in the 0-160 cm soil layer during the period from the jointing stage to the grain filling stage of PS was rapidly decreased.PS may use water below 200 cm;the effect of RH rain collection was significant,and the upper layer of soil after rain contained The amount of water was significantly higher than other treatments,but prolonged drought and less rain resulted in a significant decrease in RH soil water content,indicating that the evapotranspiration of RH was greater than other treatments;SA had higher soil moisture content throughout the growth period of corn,mainly in 100-200 cm of the lower soil.The decreasing trend of soil water content in 0-200 cm soil layers was the same,and CK fell the fastest.2.Effect of different mulching patterns on soil temperature The effect of different cropping patterns on soil temperature was different,and the effect of plastic film mulching treatment was most obvious in the early growth period.The soil temperature of PA treatment in the seedling,jointing and poplar stages was 0–25cm higher than that of CK by 3.4°C,2.4,respectively.There was no significant difference between PS and PA at °C and 1.1°C;SA had a significant cooling effect during the whole growth period.The average soil temperature at 0-25 cm soil layer was lower than that of CK at seedling stage,jointing stage,and poplar filling stage.Decrease of 2.3°C,2.6°C and 3.3°C;soil temperature in 0-25 cm soil layer treated with mulching membranes was not significantly different from CK in the early growth stage(P> 0.05),and it was lower than CK in middle and late fertility,and flowering stage The soil temperature in the 0-25 cm soil layer at filling stage was lower than that of CK by 1.6°C and 1.9°C,respectively.3.Effects of different mulching patterns on soil organic matter content and soil respirationGood water temperature conditions can promote the transformation of organic matter,enhance soil respiration,and ultimately reduce the content of organic matter in soil.The soil respiration rate of PA and PS is significantly higher than that of CK(P < 0.05),with an average increase of 66.08% and 41.95% compared with CK,and organic matter.The content of CK in the 40-60 cm soil layer gradually decreased compared with that of CK;the soil organic matter content of RH was not significantly different from that of CK in 2015,but was significantly lower than that of CK in 2016 and 2017;straw mulching could increase soil organic matter content.The average value of 3a was 31.56% higher than that of CK.The soil respiration rate of straw mulching treatment was not significantly different from that of CK in 2016 and was significantly higher than that of CK in 2017.4.Effects of different mulching patterns on crop growth(1)Different coverage treatments had a significant effect on corn growth(P < 0.05).In the autumn,the growth of PA was not influenced by the rainfall before planting.Above-ground biomass of 0-60 d after sowing was increased by 40%-300% compared with that of CK.In the year of spring drought,the growth of maize in seedling stage was lower than that of PA.However,its warming effect promoted water uptake after coating,and significantly promoted the emergence and seedling growth of corn compared to CK.There was no significant difference in shoot biomass and PA between days 60 and after sowing(P < 0.05).(2)RH can significantly promote maize growth.Above-ground biomass of 0-60 days after RH treatment during 3a test was significantly higher than that of CK,which was 36.12%-290.37% higher than that of CK.The effect of RH was limited by rainfall distribution,and the early growth rate.Compared with PA and PS,they were significantly lower(P < 0.05).Compared with PA and PS,they decreased by 24.24% and 18.52% respectively after 60 days of sowing.The growth rate in the middle and later stages accelerated,and reached the height and dry weight of the shoot during harvest and between PA and PS.There is no significant difference.(3)In the early years when rainfall was sufficient,SA appeared to be younger than CK,and the seedlings were weak and grew slowly.In the early drought years,SA appeared to be earlier than CK,and the rate of increase of aboveground biomass was also significantly greater than that of CK.After 60 days,shoot biomass increased by 64.48% compared with CK(P < 0.05).5.Effect of different mulching patterns on maize yield and water use efficiency(1)Under the different planting patterns,the yield of PA was the highest in 3a,and the main manifestation was that 100-grain weight increased significantly.The yield of PS and RH had no significant difference compared with PA in the flood year,but decreased in PA compared to PA,PA and PS.The average yield of RH and RH 3a increased by 19.72% and 16.69% compared with CK and 17.24%.The stability of PA was best during the 3a test,followed by PS and RH.SA had a significant increase in production only in the winter and spring droughts in 2016.Compared with CK,the output of 2007 increased by 2007 kg.hm-2(18.87%).Compared with CK in 2015 and 2017,it decreased production by 3.01%-7.20%.(2)PA,PS,and RH treatments all had higher water use efficiency.The three-year averages were 3.80 kg.hm-2.mm-1(14.41%)and 4.38 kg.hm-2.mm-1 higher than CK,respectively.(16.88%)and 3.07 kg.hm-2.mm-1(12.04%).The water use efficiency of SA was significantly higher than that of CK in spring drought years(p<0.05),and 2.48 kg.hm-2.mm-1(8.58%)higher than that of CK. |
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