| Butyrate is produced by microbial fermentation of diet fiber in the intestine of animals.It is often present in the form of salt butyrate.Salt butyrate in the intestinal tract was decomposition into anions and salt ions,which can improve gut bacteria community,stimulate the immune system and the development of intestine.While intensive studies focused on the period around weaning and growing period,so far information on the role of sodium butyrate in the health of neonatal piglets is limited.In contrast to the established and stable microbiota of adult animals,the gut microbiota of neonates vary more among individuals and are less stable.The fragile ecological system of the neonatal gut is not only a disease risk to the newborn animal but also may have long-term influence on the animal health.In addition,the current studies on the effects of sodium butyrate on pig growth mainly focused on exploring the effects of butyrate in the gut,or the addition into diet on gut microbiota,mucosal immune and intestinal development,and rarely investigate the effects of butytate in the veins on the gut microbiota,mucosal immune and intestinal development.Therefore,the aim of this study was to investigate the early intervention of sodium butyrate on intestinal flora,intestinal mucosal immunity and intestinal development of newborn piglets,and to explore the effects of intravenous sodium butyrate on intestinal flora,intestinal mucosal immunity and intestinal development in pigs.Three parts are concluded as following:1 Effects of Early Intervention with Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota and Mucsal Immune in Neonatal PigletsThis study aimed to investigate effects of oral administration of sodium butyrate(SB)on gut microbiota and the expression of inflammatory cytokine in neonatal piglets.Ten litters of crossbred newborn piglets were randomly allocated to the SB and control(CO)groups,each group consisted of five litters(replicates).Piglets in the SB group were orally administrated with 7 to 13 mL sodium butyrate solution(150 mM,pH = 7.4)per day from the age of 1 to 7 days,respectively;piglets in the CO group were treated with the same dose of physiological saline.One piglet from each litter was randomly selected and euthanized on days 8 and 21(of age).Gut digesta and tissues were collected for the analysis of microbiota,butyrate concentration,slgA concentration and gene expression of inflammatory cytokine.Results showed that oral administration with sodium butyrate had no effect on the butyrate concentration and the numbers of total bacteria in the gut of piglets on days 8 and 21(P>0.05).MiSeq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that SB increased the microbial richness in the stomach and colon,and the diversity of colonic microbiota on day 8(P<0.05).In the stomach,SB significantly decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and increased the abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria on day 8(P<0.05).In the colon,SB significantly decreased the abundance of Bacteroidetes,and increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria(P<0.05)on day 8.At the genus and operational taxonomic unit(OTU)levels,SB had low impact on bacterial community in the stomach,ileum and colon on days 8 and 21.SB treatment decreased the expression of IL-6,IL-8,IFN-?,IL-10,TGF-?,and histone deacetylase 1(HDAC1)in the ileum of piglets on day 8(P<0.05).SB treatment significantly down-regulated the expression of IL-8,IFN-?,and IL-1? of piglets on day 21(P<0.05).Oral administration with sodium butyrate had no effect on the sIgA concentration(P>0.05).The results show that early intervention with sodium butyrate can modulate the ileum inflammatory cytokine in neonatal piglets with low impact on intestinal microbial structure,which suggested oral administration of SB may have a benefit role in the health of neonatal piglets.2 Effects of Early Intervention with Sodium Butyrate on the Small Intestine Morphology and the Development of Intestine in Neonatal PigletsThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of SB on the small intestine morphology and the development of intestine in newborn piglets.Materials and methods in this experiment are based on Experiment 1.On days 8 and 21,one piglet from each litter was randomly selected and euthanized.The tissues of middle ileum were collected for small intestine morphology observation.The tissues of ileum were collected for the gene expression of tight junction protein and the intestinal development related gene.The results showed that SB signifanctly increased the villus height in the ileum of piglets on day 8(P<0.05).Sodium butyrate significantly up-regulated the gene expression of tight junction protein ZO-1 and Occludin in the ileum of piglets on day 8(P<0.05).Sodium butyrate up-regulated the relative expression of EGF in the ileum of piglets on day 21(P<0.05).Those results suggested that oral administration of sodium butyrate had benefit role in the intestine health.3 Effects of Intravenous Infusion with Sodium Butyrate on Colonic Microbiota,Intestinal Mucosal Immune and Intestinal Development in Growing PigsThe aim of this study was to investigate effects of intravenous infusion with sodium butyrate on colonic microbiota,intestinal mucosal immune and intestinal development in pigs.Twelve crossbred growing barrows(Duroc x Landrace x Large White;initial BW =19.53±1.35 kg)were surgically fitted with a medical PE cannula via internal jugular vein after anesthesia to allow for the continuous infusion of sodium butyrate.One week prior to surgery,pigs were randomly allocated to the sodium butyrate(SB)and control group(CO).Pigs in the SB group were infused with 10 mL sodium butyrate(200 mM,pH 7.4,37 0C)via internal jugular vein per day from day 1 to 8,while the CO group was treated with the same dose of physiological saline.On day 8,all the pigs were euthanized.Samples of colonic digesta was collected for the analysis of microbiota,SCFA and slgA concentrations,The digesta in the ileum was collected for the analysis of slgA concentration,The tissues from ileum and colon were collected for the expression of inflammatory cytokines,tight junction protein and intestine development related genes.Sodium butyrate had no effect on the SCFA concentration,the number of total bacteria and the baccteira community in the colon at phyla and genus level.Sodium butyrate increased the concentration of slgA in the colonic digesta and significantly decreased the expression of IL-6 in the ileum,and the expression of IL-6,IL-18,TNF-a and HDAC1 in the colon of pigs(P<0.05).Sodium butyrate treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of IL-10 in the colon of pigs(P<0.05).Sodium butyrate up-regulated the gene expression of tight junction protein ZO-I and Occludin and the gene expression of EGF in the colon(P<0.05).The results suggested that intravenous infusion with sodium butyrate can modulate the colon inflammatory cytokine and improve the mucosal barrier in the intestine of pigs,but has little impact on colonic microbial structure. |
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