Effects Of Tillage,Sowing Methods And Nitrogen Fertilizer On Growth,Yield And Economic Income In Wheat Following Rice

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River winter wheat region is one of the main areas of wheat production in China The increase of yield in wheat following rice contributes a lot to the food security in China.Due to the popularization and application of middle-late maturing rice and postponed maturity,the sowing area suitable for winter wheat was dramatically reduced.According to different soil moisture content,choosing suitable tillage mode and sowing methods can improve sowing efficiency,reduce labor time,but there are differences in the effects of different mechanical tillage and sowing methods on the growth,yield and benefit of wheat.In this study,the field experiment was carried out in Jintan and Sihong in 2016-2018,three kinds of mechanical tillage methods such as slab hoe,rotary tillage(2 rotation tillage),ploughing(cultivation and rotation+rotary tillage)etc.and seven kinds of mechanical seeding methods(wayl ordinary strip(removal of seed tube),way2 strip line,way3 even spread,way4 wide strip,way5 four in one,way6 five in one,way6 six in one).We compared the effects of three kinds of tillage modes with nitrogen fertilizer on wheat population quality,post-anthesis photosynthetic physiological characteristics,nutrient accumulation and utilization,yield and composition,nitrogen use efficiency,grain quality and economic benefits,etc.In order to clarify the suitable mechanized tillage and sowing methods of wheat following rice and the high-yield,high-yield and high-efficiency nitrogen application technology,it provides technical support and theoretical reference for high-quality,high-yield and high-efficiency tillage of wheat following rice.The main results are as follows:1.The effects of tillage and sowing methods on wheat grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency,nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency,and economic income vary by year and location.In2016-2017,Sihong,Jintan and2017-2018 Sihong,the grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency,nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency and net benefit were significantly higher than that of ploughing and rotary tillage in the plate shovel mode;but in the 2018 Jintan,the ploughing was better.In 2017,small seeding machinery treated grain yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency,and net benefit were higher than large-scale seeding machinery,especially wayl performance is better than way2;large-scale seeding machine in way7 is better than way4.In 2018,the grain yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency and net benefit of large seeding machinery were higher than those of small seeding machines.Among them,way 7,way 5 and way4 performed better.The slab method has the advantage of saving the knot,and the ploughing method is slightly more time-consuming and fuel-consuming than the rotary tilling method.Large-scale planters such as the six-in-one planter have obvious advantages in work efficiency,but high fuel consumption;strip-type striping in small planters has the advantage of saving time and fuel.2.The effects of tillage and sowing methods on wheat yield,population quality,post-anthesis photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and translocation were different due to annual and location.2017 Sihong,Jintan and 2018 Sihong,plate number and panicle number per panicle,tillering rate,flowering and milky leaf area index and net photosynthetic rate,flowering stage,maturity and flower Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and translocation in post-dry matter accumulation,flowering and maturity were higher;in 2018,Jintan,ploughing method showed more spikes and higher main growth period field stems number,leaf area index and dry matter accumulation,and nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation during flowering and maturity,and net photosynthetic rate,SPAD value,POD enzyme and CAT enzyme activity of flag leaf after flowering were higher,which promoted post-flowering Material accumulation and nitrogen and phosphorus transport.In 2017,the number of stems and dry matter accumulation in the main growth period,the rate of tiller and panicle formation and the rate of tillering,the flowering stage and the leaf area index of the milky stage,and the post-flowering The accumulation of biomass,nitrogen and phosphorus,nitrogen and phosphorus transport were higher than other sowing methods in the main reproductive period of Sihong point uniform sowing or common land strewn treatment.;the point six-in-one treatment of Jintan in the field of stem growth,leaf area index and dry matter accumulation,and post-flowering dry matter accumulation was significantly higher than that of wide strips.In 2018,the large-scale stripping and six-in-one treatment of the main growth period in Sihong,the number of stems,leaf area index and dry matter accumulation,post-harvest dry matter,nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation,nitrogen and phosphorus transport amount is higher than that of small planter;the four-in-one and six-in-one sowing methods of Jintan point are the main growth period,the number of stems and leaf area index,the rate of tiller and the rate of tillering,the rate of flowering and maturity,the amount of material accumulation,dry matter after flowering,nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation,nitrogen and phosphorus transport were higher than that of wide strip and five-in-one sowing.3.The effects of tillage and sowing mode on the nutrition and processing quality of wheat were different because of the different test site.Sihong,the content of grain protein,wet gluten and sedimentation in the way of tillage and overturning were better than stubble and rotary tillage.Jintan,stubble is better.In the two yeahs,the content of grain protein,wet gluten content,sedimentation value and bulk weight were higher than that of other treatments under the treatment of Sihong way2.In 2017,the difference of grain quality between two sowing modes of Jintan point was small,while in 2018,the protein content,wet gluten content and settlement value were higher under five-one treatment of Jintan point.4.In the two years,the yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency,net benefit in nitrogen fertilizer 270 kg ha-1 were higher than in nitrogen fertilizer 210 and 240 kg ha-1.In 2017,the yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency and net benefit of nitrogen proportion 7:0:0:3 were higher than that of nitrogen proportion 5:1:2:2 and 6:0:4:0,while in 2018,nitrogen proportions:1:2:2 was higher.Compared with other treatments,the content of grain protein and wet gluten were higher in 270 kg ha-1 and nitrogen proportion 5:1:2:2.5.With the increase of nitrogen application,the number of spikes increased significantly and the weight of single spike increased,the number of stem tiller,leaf area index and dry matter accumulation,tiller spike rate and dry matter accumulation in the main growth period improved significantly,and the net photosynthetic rate and SPAD value,POD and CAT enzyme activity of the sword leaf improved after flowering.Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation,nitrogen and phosphorus transport,grain nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation increased significantly in flowering and ripening period.In 2017,nitrogen proportion 7:0:0:3 had a significantly higher spike number and thousand grains weight,and in 2018,nitrogen proportion5:1:2:2 had a significantly higher spike number.In 2017,the number of stem tiller and tiller spike rate,flowering period and the leaf area index of the 7:0:0:3 stage under the nitrogen application ratio were significantly higher than that of the nitrogen proportion 6:0:4:0 and 5:1:2:2 in the main reproductive period.In 2018,the nitrogen proportion 5:1:2:2 the number of stem tiller and tiller spike rate,leaf area index and dry matter accumulation in the main reproductive period,and the accumulation of dry matter after flowering,net photosynthetic rate,SPAD value,POD and CAT enzyme activity of the posterior sword leaves,flowering period,ripening period and post-flower nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation,phosphorus transfer and grain phosphorus accumulation were significantly higher than others.6.The effects of tillage and sowing mode,nitrogen fertilizer on wheat grain yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,economic benefit and grain quality have mutual effects,and are different by year and location.The complexity may be related to soil moisture.when the Soil moisture is very high(soil relative water content?85%,2017 Sihong and Jintan)small seeding machinery;soil moisture is middle high(soil relative water content is 80%?85%,2018 Sihong)big seeding machinery;soil moisture is good(soil relative water content is 70%?80%,2018 Jintan),big seeding machinery showed obvious advantages in grain yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and economic benefit.7.To sum up the above conclusions the appropriate tillage,sowing and the corresponding nitrogen fertilizer can improve wheat yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,net benefit and quality.The combination of high quality,high yield and high efficiency showed:more grain number,especially spike number,higher group stem tiller number and tiller spike rate,exuberant photosynthetic production capacity after flowering,strong nutrient absorption and transshipment ability.In wheat following rice,the target of high quality and high efficiency can be achieved by selecting the Tillage method and sowing machinery according to the soil moisture and adjusting the nitrogen fertilizer in time.