Multivariate Analysis Of Agronomic Traits And Quality Traits Of 600 Wheat Materials In The World And The Relationship Between Wheat CYP78A Family Genes And QTL Loci Of Known Yield-related Traits

High yield and high quality are the main objectives of wheat breeding.At present,the genetic variation of wheat breeding parents is relatively narrow,which makes it difficult to make breakthrough progress in wheat yield and quality.Therefore,it is very important for wheat breeding to enrich germplasm resources and expand the genetic variation range of wheat parents.The area of wheat sown in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province accounts for 80 % of the whole province,and its yield accounts for 85 % of the whole province.Therefore,it is very important for improving the yield and quality of wheat in Shaanxi Province to select good wheat varieties suitable for cultivation in this area.CYP78 A family is the largest family of enzymes and proteins in plants.Many members of CYP78 A family have been proved to regulate the size of wheat grains and organs.In this study,600 wheat materials from around the world were planted in Yangling Demonstration Area of Shaanxi Province.Plant height,flag leaf area,spike length of main stem,number of effective spikes per plant,spikelets per spike of main stem,number of grains per spike of main stem,grain width,grain thickness,1000-grain weight,9 agronomic traits and water content,protein content,wet gluten content,sedimentation value,water absorption,starch content,bulk weight and flour yield were studied.Eight quality traits were determined,and the results of diversity analysis,principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used.This experiment also compared and analyzed the QTL loci of wheat TaCYP78A3,TaCYP78A5,TaCYP78A12,TaCYP78A16 genes and known yield-related traits.The main results of this study are as follows:1.The Main Agronomic Traits of the tested materials were analyzed.The average values of plant height,flag leaf area,spike length of main stem,effective spike number per plant,spikelet number of main stem spikelet,spikelet number of main stem spikelet,grain width,grain thickness and 1000-grain weight were 93.67 cm,21.15 cm 2,9.55 cm,13,18,48,3.24 mm,2.78 mm and 37.17 g,respectively.The coefficients of variation were 25.16 %,32.02 %,18.45 %,29.61 %,11.89 %,15.25 %,8.89 %,7.79 %,21.05 % respectively,and the variation ranged from 7.79 % to 32.02 %.Diversity indices were 1.99,1.95,1.95,1.98,1.81,2.08,2.01,2.05 and 2.09 respectively,with the range of 1.81-2.09.2.Principal component analysis of main agronomic traits showed that the first four principal components explained 82.70 % of the total variation,which could represent all agronomic traits.They are grain yield component factor,grain number component factor,effective panicle number component factor and flag leaf area component factor in turn.Based on principal component analysis,600 wheat varieties were clustered into nine categories at genetic distance of 2.5.After statistical analysis of agronomic traits of each category,43 varieties were found to have the best comprehensive agronomic traits,accounting for 7.17 % of the total tested materials.98 varieties of wheat varieties of the seventh category had better comprehensive agronomic traits,accounting for 16.33 % of the total tested materials.3.Analysis of the main quality traits of the tested materials showed that the average values of water content,protein content,wet gluten content,water absorption,starch content,sedimentation value,bulk density and flour yield were 8.27 %,14.35 %,30.07 %,64.10 %,60.52 %,33.04 ml,799.88 g/L and 73.12 %,respectively.The coefficients of variation were 24.83 %,12.19 %,13.44 %,5.82 %,6.91 %,23.89 %,2.54 %,5.29 % respectively,and the variation ranged from 2.54 % to 24.83 %.Diversity indices were 1.81,2.03,2.04,2.04,2.02,2.05,2.04 and 1.95 respectively,and the variation ranged from 1.81 to 2.05.4.The principal component analysis of the main quality traits showed that the first three principal components explained 89.50 % of the total variation,which were in turn wet gluten factor,water factor and water absorption factor.Based on the principal component analysis of quality traits,600 wheat materials were clustered into seven categories when the genetic distance was 2.5.According to the statistics of quality traits in each category,the seventh category had the best comprehensive quality traits,totaling 24 varieties,accounting for 4 % of all tested materials.The comprehensive quality traits of Category IV were excellent,totaling 106 varieties,accounting for 17.67 % of all tested materials.5.By combining the clustering results of agronomic traits with those of quality traits,seven wheat varieties with the best comprehensive traits of agronomic traits were identified as 759 c1-2212,Colotana,Dromedaris,GUADALUPE,Chuanmai 36,Jining 16 and Zhongjiao 2,and three wheat varieties with the best comprehensive traits of agronomic traits were Tuotai,NAJAH-LEB and PLAN.ALTO;There are 32 wheat varieties with better agronomic traits and comprehensive traits.They are Tuotuomai Acimital,Avocet,Balady 116,Ethiopia W15,Fielder,GLUYAS EARLY,LAGEADINHO,Mexifen,MG31229,Parsee,Safha 3,Beijing 8,Bima1,Emai 6,Fumai,Hanxuan 10,Hanxuan 3,Red Shell Paste,Cucumber Xian,Jinmai 9,Jinmai 2148.Kehan 9,Longchun 8,Luyuan 301,Pingyang 181,Qian Jiaomai,Sumai 3,Xumai,Xinchun 2,Xinchun 8,Yangmai 158,Yangmai 1.6.The agronomic traits of materials from six continents were analyzed.It was found that the maximum load of the first principal component in five continents was grain-related traits.The variation coefficients of Main Agronomic Traits in six continents showed that the variation coefficients of grain width,grain thickness and 1000-grain weight of African materials were higher,12.63 %,9.05 % and 22.56 % respectively;the variation coefficients of plant height,effective panicles per plant and grain thickness of European materials were higher,27.42 %,34.97 % and 9.26 % respectively;the variation coefficients of plant height and spikelet number of main stem panicles of North American materials were higher.The variation coefficients of plant height,effective panicles per plant,grain width and 1000-grain weight of South American materials were 28.73 %,33.01 % and 23.60 %,respectively.The variation coefficients of flag leaf area,panicle length of main stem and spikelet number of main stem panicle of Oceania materials were 45.31 %,20.55 % and 12.75 %,respectively.It was also found that the comprehensive agronomic traits of wheat materials from Asia and North America planted locally in Shaanxi were the best.7.The reported QTL loci and molecular markers were compared with TaCYP78A3,TaCYP78A5,TaCYP78A12 and TaCYP78A16 genes according to their physical location information.The results showed that there were one QTL loci for spike length,one tiller number and one plant height-related trait near TaCYP78A3-7A.Near TaCYP78A3-7B,there was one QTL locus for panicle number per plant,one grain weight and one plant height-related trait.Near TaCYP78A3-7D,there was a QTL locus for tiller number,grain width/grain length and plant height-related traits.Near TaCYP78A5-2A,there were 3 QTL loci with 1000-grain weight and 1 grain thickness-related trait.Near TaCYP78A5-2B,there was a QTL locus of vegetation index,plant height and spike length related traits.Near TaCYP78A5-2D,there was a QTL locus for grain weight and plant height-related traits.Near TaCYP78A12-5A,there were 1 QTL loci for grain weight per spike,1 yield,1 harvest index,1 grain number per spike,1 grain weight per spike and 1 trait related to heading date.Near TaCYP78A12-4B,there were 1 QTL locus for yield,2 spikelets and 1 grain weight related trait.Near TaCYP78A12-4D,there was a base angle and a grain weight-related trait QTL locus.Near TaCYP78A16-5A,there was a QTL locus for spikelet number,grain weight and spike length related traits.Near TaCYP78A16-5B,there was a QTL locus for grain weight,spike compactness and effective spike number per unit area.Near TaCYP78A16-5D,there was a QTL locus for yield and grain weight related traits.