| Rural energy is an important part of the national energy system,and energy consumption has a significant impact on rural socioeconomic development,ecological environment protection,and residents’ physical health.In particular,household energy consumption is an important indicator reflecting the living conditions and quality of residents,and it has become a hot topic of academic attention.For a long time,biomass energy has been used as the main domestic energy in rural areas,which not only seriously affected the health of residents,but also caused a series of negative effects,such as deforestation,soil erosion,ecological environment degradation.Therefore,promoting the transition of household energy consumption in rural areas has become an important part of the national ecological civilization construction and rural revitalization strategy.In recent years,researches on rural household energy consumption have mainly focused on the quantity,structure and influencing factors of energy consumption.With the continuous development of economy and society,the livelihood of rural households has gradually diversified,the types and quantity of household energy consumption have increased significantly,and the energy consumption structure has gradually changed from almost all reliance on biomass energy to modern commodity energy like coal and electric energy,and the structure of domestic energy consumption has been greatly improved.Factors like household size,education level of household members,household income,energy availability,energy price,policy and geographical characteristics are significant factors affecting household energy consumption choices and energy consumption structure.However,previous studies have pay little attention on household energy consumption in Tibetan rural areas,and few studies have explored the impact of livelihood changes on household energy consumption.Tibet is located on the Tibetan Plateau,and is an important ecological barrier and fragile ecological environment in China.Tibet’s unique natural and geographical environment has led to a general lack of fossil fuels such as oil,coal,and gas,a huge majority of the Tibetan population who lives in rural regions still consumes biomass energy like manure,firewood and crop residue in most traditional terms.However,overgrazing and energy consumption behavior dominated by livestock manure have caused grassland degradation,soil fertility decline,desertification and weakened ecosystem functions.It also adversely affects the health of peasants and herdsmen,especially women and children.The living needs of peasants and herdsmen are in contradiction with the national macro strategy,and the energy demand and ecological civilization need to be promoted in coordination.In recent years,with the development of economy and society,the livelihood of peasants and herdsmen in Tibet has gradually changed from traditional agriculture and animal husbandry to part-time and non-agriculturalization.As the best choice for rural households to respond to changes in human-land relations,changes in livelihood will inevitably have an important impact on household energy consumption decisions.Based on this,this paper takes the Pumqu River Basin of Tibet as an example,using 702 household questionnaire data from three counties in the region,to analyze the energy consumption quantity and structure of peasant and herdsman households,and the energy consumption differences of households with different types of livelihoods.Empirical analyses on the influencing factors of energy consumption structure have made in order to provide a scientific basis for improving the energy consumption structure and consumption behavior of peasant and herdsman households,and alleviating the contradiction between the living energy needs of households and the construction of ecological civilization.The results show that:(1)The household energy consumption of peasant and herdsman households in the Pumqu River Basin mainly includes manure,electricity,liquefied gas,coal.The total energy consumption of per household is 2 101.38 kgce,among which the consumption of manure is dominant,and the average household consumption of manure is 1 907.34 kgce,accounts for 90.76% of the total household energy consumption.The peasant and herdsman households have a greater dependence on biomass energy,and the substitution effect of commercial energy such as electricity and liquefied gas on manure is not obvious.The average consumption of electricity,liquefied gas and coal are only 146.76 kgce、44.96 kgce、2.33 kgce respectively.There are also significant differences in the quantity and structure of household energy consumption in different counties.In terms of total energy consumption,Nyalam County,Tingri County and Dinggyê County are 3 248.14 kgce,1.688.99 kgce and 1 084.95 kgce respectively.With the transfer of non-agricultural labor force,the energy consumption structure gradually changes to commercial energy.The non-agricultural level of Dinggyê County is higher,the households in Dinggyê County have significantly reduced the consumption of livestock manure,and the energy consumption structure is significantly better than the other two counties.(2)With the increase of the level of non-agriculturalization,the total energy consumption of households has gradually decreased,and the energy consumption structure has gradually improved.The total energy consumption of the three types of livelihood of peasant and herdsman households are in order of pure agricultural households > agricultural-led households > non-agricultural-led households with 2 578.76 kgce,2 154.68 kgce,1 463.53 kgce respectively.With the increase of the non-agriculturalization,the total living energy consumption of households is gradually decreasing,the consumption of biomass energy(livestock manure)has shown a downward trend,and the consumption of commercial energy(electricity,liquefied gas,coal)has shown on the rise,and the rural living energy consumption is gradually shifting to commercial energy.The proportion of manure consumption of type Ⅰ,type Ⅱ,type Ⅲ households are 93.42%,91.04% and 84.66% respectively.(3)The measurement results of the influencing factors on the household energy consumption structure indicate that the energy consumption behavior are influenced by many factors,such as household,economy,energy,policy,and geographic location.Among them,household size,education level of the head of household,per capita residential area,participated in community organizations,the number of household appliances,non-agricultural income,living subsidies have a significant negative impact,the average age of labor force,the number of livestock per capita,the area of grassland per capita,production subsidies,geographic location(Tingri County,Nyalam County)have a significant positive impact.The livelihood strategy has a greater impact on the energy consumption transition.For pure agricultural(type Ⅰ)households,the household size is small,and the average age of the labor force is old,which hinders the transition of household livelihood and is not conducive to the household energy structure transition.For agricultural-led(type Ⅱ) households,non-agricultural income is an important factor to promote its energy transition;for non-agricultural-led(type Ⅲ)households,household energy consumption has shown a trend towards high efficiency and cleanliness.The higher the education level of the household head,the greater the transfer to non-agricultural industries,the production and living subsidies increase household cash income,thereby further promoting household energy transition. |
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