| In the process of reading "Chuang tzu",we find that Chuang tzu has a kind of thorough marrow of indifference to the survival world which is closely related to individual life.He doesn't see the world in which individual lives as a stage for individual to show their value of life,but as a meaningless world like "dust".Our question is:is this an idiomatic literary rhetoric to denounce it as "dust"?Or is this a insight that Chuang tzu,as a philosopher,see through the vanity and deceit of survival world from his real life experience?If the latter,one needs to push further:what causes the loss of the meaning of the survival world?Have Chuang tzu put up a good recipe to save the world?In order to solve these problems,this thesis is divided into four chapters,the contents we discuss as follows:In the first chapter,we sort out several representative words in the book "Chuang tzu".And the words point out that seeing the survival world as meaningless "dust" is not a simple literary rhetoric,but containing Chuang tzu's pessimistic attitude towards the survival world.Then we choose the important part to discuss Chuang tzu's obnoxious attitude towards politic and secular world,and thorough separation to body and emotion.After clarifying Chuang tzu's pessimistic attitude towards the survival world,which is quite different from other pre-qin thinkers.we can not help asking the reason for this pessimistic attitude.In fact,there's no lack of meaning for the world itself.On the contrary,the world is originally a meaningful and complete world,which is the world of "Tao" Chuang tzu described in the second chapter.In order to display this meaningful and complete world,we need to explain the relationship between "Tao"and the world constructed by Chuang tzu.This paper thinks there are four aspects in Chuang tzu's "Tao":the general principle of creation;The world as a whole;The naturalistic pantheism;The spiritual realm that man can attain.In terms of the relationship between "Tao" and the world,"Tao"is not outside the world,but the whole world itself.In terms of the nature that "Tao"(the whole world)exhibiting,it is natural inactivity,and has unbounded and undefined property.Besides,it produces and dominates everything.The world with all of these characteristics is the ideal world of Chuang tzu.Why the ideal "world is reduced to a meaningless "dust"?In Chuang tzu's view,the reason is the people that living in the world.People is no longer satisfied with the identity as "an-hua'" person,but rather is out of the melting pot of nature and attempt to rule the world,so the natural "Tao" is falling into the human "Tao".The third chapter discusses the process of the natural "Tao" falling into the human "Tao" from four aspects:firstly,the misunderstanding of human identity is the beginning of the natural "Tao" controlled by the human "Tao";Secondly,the misunderstanding and pursuance leads to the alienation,contradiction and nothingness of life value;Thirdly,the paranoid thinking toward the world of "wu" makes that the material world tightly is controlled by the instrumental rationality of human;Finally,the wrong arrangement of the social has created a chaotic society.With the rise of human "Tao",the natural "Tao" gradually goes away.The rising of human "Tao" and the falling of natural "Tao" are both rooted in the profound contradiction of the depths of civilization,and also originated from the dilemma and confusion in the root of human nature.However,even the secular world is superficiality as "dust",and the secular people have become "wu",Chuang tzu still hopes that the world and people can return to the orderly world of "Tao" through human introspection.To achieve this goal,Chuang tzu provides many methods,for example,"xin-zhai"?"qi-wu"?"wu-wei-er-zhi”,and so on.Specifically,firstly,Chuang tzu tries to eliminate the bigotry in the human hearts by means of "xin-zhai"and "zuo-wang",then "me" without any rule can return back.Secondly,the proposition of "qi-wu" will release the "wu" from the strumental rationality of human,and liberate people from the embarrassing situation of "wu-yu-wu" The ultimate goal of "qi-wu" is not to erase differences among different things,but to eliminate all kinds of persistence and paranoia.Finally,at the social level,Chuang tzu proposed an idea that Govern can't intervene the natural rules.In other words,the monarch have to calm,see the world as extraneous,be subject to change,abandon sacrament,stop war and so on,then a perfect and fulfilling ideal society is of human has been achieved.From the perspective that world is "dust",we explain the causes of "dust".Meanwhile,we give the method to get rid of the living circumstances.In the last,we construct a perfect and fulfilling world of "Tao".This solution seems logical,but it may not apply to reality.In the case of Chuang tzu,he is conscious of the bankruptcy of building the ideal world.In the face of the power of civilization and the resulting aggression,the human nature and noninterference appear so pale and powerless.In view of this,Chuang tzu has abandoned the idealistic impulse that selling the"zhi-de-zhi-shi" to the secular world,and finally turned to individual's life,and thus he has opened up a vast spiritual world. |
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