Copyright Negotiation In Sino-US Commerce Negotiations In Late Qing Dynasty

After the signing of the Boxer Protocol,the Qing government successively negotiated agreements with Britain,the United States,Japan,Germany,Italy,and other countries to negotiate on trade,shipping,intellectual property rights,and grain exports.As China's enlightenment started in the late Qing dynasty,a large number of foreign books were translated and published in China,which inevitably led to copyright disputes between China and the United States.At the time when the agreement was opened,the United States took the initiative to raise copyright protection issues to China.In response to this new issue,the Chinese government's response was cautious.In order to ensure the implementation of the New Deal,it continued to freely translate and publish Western books.The Qing Dynasty's participation in the negotiations included Lv Haihuan,Sheng Xuanhuai,Zhang Zhidong,Liu Kunyi,Yuan Shikai,and others.,all of them Requested to refute and boycott,and ultimately achieved the “ No reprint and Translation prohibited” for copyright.For the purpose of controlling books,newspapers,etc.,China took the initiative to propose supplementary clauses.Despite repeated opposition from the United States,it finally "forced" to agree.The finalization of the agreement basically achieved China's appeal.The negotiation of this agreement shows the awakening of the "open eyes to see the world" of the universality of all classes in China after Gengzi.In the negotiations,whether it is the representative of the front or the ministers,all of them consider the country's rights and interests and actively understand the international law knowledge,the use of negotiating skills to maximize the benefits of China,ordinary scholars have also given a certain amount of attention,the public opinion industry is also widely speaking on this,affirming the necessity of copyright protection at the same time,It is fully understood to the current situation of Chinese people's wisdom not open,and shows the awakening of the rights consciousness of all classes in China in the late Qing DynastyIn exploring the entire process of copyright negotiations between China and the United States,the rise of the power of supervision has also been clearly reflected.Although the front representatives of the Qing government responsible for negotiation of the contract with the United States initiated negotiations directly with the U.S.side,the protection of important rights and interests,the introduction of key clauses,andeven the choice of candidates for negotiations were all affected by the local ministers represented by Zhang Zhidong.The latter even had A decisive role.Regarding why the United States insisted on universal copyright protection from the very beginning and adopted the Chinese position in the end,the article believed that maintaining a particular level of Sino-American relations at the conceptual level and enhancing the influence of western culture represented by the United States on China.In particular,the spread of American ideas in China may be another layer of deep meaning of the U.S.government.