The Differentiation Of Attitude Dual-Single Processes And A New Dual-Process Model

Attitude is the core concept of social psychology.Since the 1990s,with the emergence and widespread use of implicit measurement methods,theoretical research on attitudes has entered a new phase.Based on the separation of implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes in empirical research and the long-term hypothesis of two processes in psychology,the researchers proposed a two-process model of attitudes.They believe that implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes come from two psychological process of different natures.However,the integration of new experimental evidence and the new theory of learning(RFT),some researchers have proposed a single process model of attitude.Both theories are controversial in terms of the formation,storage,and expression of attitudes,and each has experimental support.From the theoretical integrity and explanatory power,the single-process theory of attitude completely denies that there are two different information processing processes,and it can't provide reasonable explanations for automatic learning,wrong association learning,and animal learning.However,the existing two-process theory has flaws in three key aspects:one is lacking a systematic theories supporting the propositional process,the second is lacking a key mechanism for the transition from proposition to proposition,and the third is lacking a key mechanisms for the separation of attitudes.In view of the existing theoretical deficiencies,this paper starts from three aspects of social learning theory,language mechanism,and psychodynamics,and constructs a new dual-process model of attitude.The new model mainly includes structure and operation.Structurally,implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes are based on two information processing processes with vertical directions.External stimulus information can be processed in both directions in parallel.The vertical processing is based on the "stimulus-response" model in behaviorism and represents an innate,genetic response pattern.The horizontal orientation is based on Bandura's social learning theory and represents a response pattern learned from the experience of others.With language capabilities,horizontal processing is performed in a language system.Because horizontal processing is more efficient than vertical processing,horizontal processing is the specific controller of behavior in most cases.Implicit attitude is defined in this model as the response to an object in vertical processing.Explicit attitude is defined as a linguistic statement of a propensity assessment of an object in a language system.In operation,both attitudes have their own sources of motivation.The motivation for vertical processing is internal,pointing to their own interests,and corresponds to the "id" in psychoanalysis.There are two motivations for horizontal processing.One is the motivation to shift from vertical processing to the objective selves interest,corresponding to the "ego" in psychoanalysis;the other is the external motivation to point to the interests of others,corresponding to the psychoanalysis."Super-ego." Behind the separation of implicit and explicit attitudes is the complex interaction between the two processes.When an intrinsic motivational(id)driven attitude translates into a statement in the language system,it may be suppressed by the extrinsic motivation(super-ego)so can't be expressed,and it may be corrected by the objective world knowledge(ego)without being expressed.In the former,the motives behind the two attitude processes are inconsistent.The notion of being unethical is suppressed by the moral forces;in the latter,the motive behind the two attitude processes is the same one,it si the different choice to pursuit the same purpose.Compared with the original attitude model,the new model gives a richer connotation to the attitude and dual processes,defines the role of language in the attitude process,and points out the motivation behind the two processes.In the formation,storage,and expression of attitudes,the new model constructs a dual representation system of attitude and dual expression process,but at the same time it also supports the local rationality of the single attitude representation system and the single expression process.The new model can explain the results of most of the EC experiments that have been related to the formation and change of attitudes.In particular,it can compensate for the insufficient explanatory power of existing attitude models for certain experimental results and generate new predictions.However,the new model also inevitably has some problems,mainly due to the lack of detailed analysis of the language mechanism and attitude separation mechanism.At the same time,the entire theory lacks systematic experimental verification.These deficiencies need to be further improved.