The Evolution Of Rural Power Structure In Iran's Modernization Process

Iran is a country with an early start of modernization.The war with Russian and Britain in the early 19 century promoted the Qajar monarchs to introduce reforms from above to down.Leading to the gradual change of Iran's traditional economic and social order from bottom to top.Western countries began to dump industrial products and plunder raw materials changed Iran social,political and economic structure,Iran was forced into the capitalist world market,the traditional feudal land system and the tenancy relationship disintegrated gradually,the structure of rural power tends to improve.In Safavid period,the Khassa,Mamalik,Vaqf and Private property basic form of rural real estate,and formed the "Pyramid" form of rural rights structure,which is adapted to the feudal autocratic regime of the top-down feudal monarchy.By the appointed representative landlords "Kadkhoda" "rural overall rural affairs and the leaders responsible for the landlord,rural areas appeared self-sufficiency and highly closed feature.In Qajars period,Iran's foreign contacts have been continuously strengthened,cheap industrial products replace traditional Iranian handicrafts,planting of cash crops such as cotton and opium expanded,the commercialization and modernization of agricultural production continues to strengthen,non-nationalization of land and land consolidation are increasingly prevalent.On this basis,the scale of private real estate has continued to expand.Private landowners have formed and developed large-scale landowners.A system of rights structures that govern rural areas has been established by large landowners.The rural people are generally attached to large landowners and are on the verge of rural rights structure.Under the feudal monarchy of the authoritarian and authoritarian political model,King Reza undertook a series of reforms in industrialization,westernization,secularization,nationalization,and modernization of agricultural production.Iran's dependence on imperialism led to independence,and its socio-political economy has developed rapidly.The national self-confidence and pride have improved.In vast rural areas,the ownership structure of the land owned by large landowners has not changed,land acquisitions have become increasingly fierce,and the control of rural landlords has continued to intensify,and land ownership has been strengthened in foreign landowners.After the reign of King Pahlavi,the land ownership and physical subsidy in the large landowners constitute the basic features of rural society,economy and society.In order to further strengthen the sovereign authority and structure the order of totalitarian politics,the King Pahlavi launched a top-down,all-round social and economic reform.After the reform,outside large landlord was excluded from the rural power structure system,the rural organization group representing the interests of the king entered the country and built the power structure system at the grass-roots level with the power of the state as the core.The king replaced the new rural landlord to become a new rural area.After the Islamic Revolution,the government of the Republic learned the lessons of the destruction of the Pahlavi Dynasty,devoted itself to the development of the rural economy,and implemented economic and social reforms with "populism" as an important feature,and made the most vulnerable groups.The rural areas where the people live,and their main economic activities,agricultural production,are the focus of government attention.Secondly,in the restructuring of agricultural and rural-related administrative institutions,they changed the “top-down” centralized nature of Pahlavi's era,devolved power,and returned more rural functions to grass-roots rural organizations,avoiding too much government.At the same time,along with the development of new rural classes and their political participation in rural organizations,a new two power structure has emerged in rural areas.Although the political participation of the rural people has many shortcomings,it has made considerable progress in the period of the Pahlavi period,which is an important embodiment of the development of rural political democratization and an important epitome of the changes in the political model of Iran after the Islamic revolution.