A Study On The Field Of Management Of Confucianism In Jiangnan During The Ming Dynasty

This article first analyzes the characteristics of the field of learning in the Ming Dynasty,and the process of its rise.Xuetian originated in the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty and began to develop rapidly.By the end of the Yuan Dynasty,the school field scale in many schools in the southern region had reached several thousand acres,or even tens of thousands of acres.Such a large scale actually matches the number of students at the time.However,at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty,Zhu Yuanzhang greatly reduced the number of students,stipulating that there were forty students in the province,thirty in the state,and twenty in the county.Correspondingly,the reform of Xuetian was also carried out.The most authoritative record of this is the fifteen years of Hongwu(1382)in the Ming Taizu Record.Those who were ordered to rent into the government office in Futian County,and returned to the government,gave sacrifices for worship and teachers and students.In the past,the number of scholars in the previous generation was different,and it was appropriate for one system.It was determined as a third grade:the government learned one thousand stones,the state learned eight hundred stones,the county learned six hundred stones,and the Tianfu government learned sixteen hundred stones.When one teacher and one student gave the teacher a stone and the teacher was as old as the old one,the narrative of this piece of historical data was rather vague.It was difficult to determine whether it was to return "Liantian" or "Liantian rent." According to this historical data,it was determined that the study of the Ming Dynasty began in the early Ming Dynasty.This article sorts out historical data and believes that there have been two more arguments in the Ming Dynasty:one view that Xuetian was completely nationalized,and that teachers and students were spending money from Tian Fu;one thought that they left part of the school field and later they went to the field and only Recruitment meters in the Secretary." The two arguments are controversial about the timing of the abolition of the Akita system,but they all admitted that after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty for a period of time,Xuetian eventually disappeared,and the local government retained Tian Tian instead of Xue Tian.With the development of education,the number of students has continued to increase,and the titles of augmented students and accompanying students have appeared.However,the number of original students in the Diet has remained unchanged.These augmented students and accompanying students receive no state subsidies and are trapped in poverty.In order to provide a large number of poverty-enhancing students and students attached to the school,in the middle and late Ming Dynasty,Xuetian was once again raised.At this time,although Xuetian inherited the name of the previous generation,the connotation has changed.It is not for the catering of the crickets.Instead,it is used to subsidize the magnanimous students,the poor students attached to the students,and other educational expenses.Its audience is greatly reduced and its importance is greatly reduced.In other words,Song and Yuan school Tian was the main source of Confucianism funding,and Mingtian Xuetian was only a supplement of Yan,and it was more similar to Ming Dynasty Confucianism Tian but it was Yitian of the Song Dynasty.Therefore,we cannot simply compare the fields of the Song,Yuan and Ming dynasties quantitatively.Related to this,this paper for the first time combed the initial set-up time of Xuetian in each of the prefectures and counties in the south of the Yangtze River,and thus outlined the specific historical trajectory of the rise of Xuetian in the middle of the Ming Dynasty.Secondly,on this basis,this article attempts to examine the management practices of Xuetian in the Ming Dynasty.The period of development of Xuetian in the Ming Dynasty coincided with the middle and late Ming Dynasty.In the context of the overall corruption of politics and the increasingly disordered society,the management of Xuetian cannot be left alone.Previous studies have highlighted the improvement of Xuetian's management system.However,if we want to"move into a live institutional history,"we must combine the institutional rules with actual operations so that we can see a more three-dimensional and more realistic society of the Ming Dynasty.This paper analyzes Xuetian's management realities from the three stages of Xuetian's breeding,the storage of school rents,and the issuing of school rents,and what kind of difficulties are encountered in each stage.The problem with Xuetian's deterrence is that even if the school makes Tian Ji,marks the four to the Leshi map,how hard it is to preserve the evidence will not prevent Xue Tian from being invaded;even Tian Tian itself will be damaged and lost;Strictly regulated and complicated procedures were originally designed to prevent households from bullying,but they actually deterred small,uninformed farmers,and ultimately helped the contractors to profit from them.It can be said that the purpose and effect are counter-productive.The problems faced in school tenancy custody are the lack of effective supervision in school custody,the possibility of embezzlement by academic officials,and the human relations between schools and students,which can easily lead to a waste of school rents.Rent,in the face of the default of the tenant,will not be able to do anything;the government will be corrupted and misappropriated by the government.But in contrast,the administration of the government is far more confusing than the school,so people still expect the school to manage the rent.If the invasion of Xue Tian and the appropriation of school rents were widespread during the Song and Yuan Dynasties,the difficulties encountered in the distribution of the school rents began only from the Ming Dynasty.The Xuetian in the Ming Dynasty had many uses,but it was mainly used to subsidize poor students.This is the purpose of the establishment of multi-field mathematics However,to support the poor,first of all to determine who is the poor,this is a challenge for the school,because the increase,attached students usually do not live in school,the school officials have limited understanding of them,and sometimes let the drilling camp account for It's cheaper.This kind of difficulty makes the effect of Xuetian's subsidy on the poor.Exploring the difficulties faced by the management and management of Xuetian does not mean negating the meaning of Xuetian,but helping us to fully understand Xuetian.