The Concept Of Karma In Sautr?ntika

karma is an important concept in Buddhist philosophy.The theory of karma was proposed by the Vedas(????)at first,and then developed by Brahmanism(????).At that time,karma is the product of Brahmatmaitym(????).Established in the context of against-Brahmanism movement,Buddhism reformed the existing karma theory based on "the origin theory"(???).As a result,Buddhism has to address corresponding problems,such as "what is the essence of karma?" "what is the subject in reincarnation?,and "how can karma last?".Buddha did not explain these problems when he was alive,leaving a large space for later generations to interpret.Thus in Hinayana Buddhism,karma became a key issue between various teachers.Among them,Sautr?ntika(???)also put forward important view.Sautr?ntika proposed“the seed theory"(???),which imposed an important effect on Yogacara's Alaya-consciousness(????).This article intends to probe into the karma theory in Sautr?ntika as a whole,and to examine the different understanding of karma within the Sautr?ntika by the way of combing history,text analysis and philosophical interpretation.The first chapter summarizes the development of karma,introducing the karma theory in Indian thought,original Buddhism and Sectarian Buddhism respectively.The second chapter probes into the karma theory of D?r(?)?ntika(???).D?r(?)?ntika,who is the pathfinder of Sautr?ntika,contend that the essence of karma is mind.They propose "the seed theory" at first.The third chapter probes into the karma theory of Tattvasiddhi(?????).The Tattvasiddhi has always been a controversial text.This article classifies it into Sautr?ntika by studying the author's affiliation as well as analyzing the text,and explores the karma theory in this text.The forth chapter probes into the karma theory of Sautr?ntika after Tattvasiddhi.Sautr?ntika illustrates the existence of karma by the parable of the seeds,and the issue of the existence of karma involves the issue that if there is mind in Nirodhasamapatti(???).The mainstream of Sautr?ntika contends that there is mind in Nirodhasamapatti,wheres some teachers named"ancient acarya(?????)" hold the opposite view.The latter proposed the theory of "se xin huxun"(?????).It is noteworthy that Vasubhandu(??),who is one of the Sautr?ntika teachers,shifts his positions.He approves ancient acarya at first and criticize them later,and proposed the theory of vip?ka-vij(?)?na(?????).This chapter focus on the transformation process of the mind theory of Sautr?ntika,and distinguish the difference of vip?ka-vij(?)?na and alaya-vijnana.