A Study Of The Lotus Pattern Seen In Remains Of The Han To The Northern Dynasties In Northern China

This paper takes the buddhist lotus patterns seen in remains of the Han to the Northern Dynasties in Northern China as the research object.On the basis of knowing the characteristics of buddhist lotus patterns in ancient Indian,analyzed the evolution of the lotus pattern of Buddhism in the time-space frame of Buddhism's eastward spread.Through this process,it is realized that the lotus pattern in northern China had gone through a process of imitation,transformation and innovation.At the same time,this process can also be called a secular and patterned process.The center of its ornamentation development changed with the passage of time.Finally,combined with the historical background,the cultural factors in this period were briefly analyzed and discussed.This paper is divided into six parts.The first part is the introduction,which briefly describes the research object,previous research situation,research method and purposes of this paper.The second part is the ancient Indian native lotus pattern.It is divided into three aspects: concept explanation,introduction of lotus patterns in ancient Indian Buddhism and summary.In order to express clearly,the two terms "Ancient India" and "Leaf Sinew Type" lotus pattern mentioned in this paper are explained in advance.Secondly,the typology of lotus pattern in ancient Indian Buddhism is studied.Finally,we realized that the lotus pattern in ancient India appeared earlier than the Buddha image and had certain religious connotation in the early stage of the development of Buddhism.The more pointed petals and the "Leaf Sinew Type" were its prominent characteristics.The third part is the lotus pattern from the eastern Han dynasty to the Sixteen Kingdoms.This paper divides it into two sections: Han dynasty to Wei and Jin dynasties,Sixteen Kngdoms.The lotus pattern of Buddhism in the eastern Han,Wei and Jin dynasties can be seen in both buddhist relics and secular relics.The number was not large,and the religious connotation may not had been fully introduced in the northern areas during this period.In terms of form,lotus patterns in this period were mainly of pointed petals and the " Leaf Sinew Type " in Indian style.It showed the absorption and imitation of foreign artistic styles and was still in the early stage of dermatoglyphic pattern development.During the Sixteen Kingdoms,the activities of opening grottoes and manufacture of Buddha began.Compared with the previous phase,the number of lotus patterns seen in the two types of relics increased and it seemed to have tended to convey religious meaning.Lotus pattern also changed,there were a veinlike lotus pattern and double petal pattern appeared which were not existed before.We thought that the appearance of double petal pattern was an important step in the localization of buddhist lotus pattern.The most prominent performance was in the stone pagoda of Northern Liang.At the same time,the imitation and learning center of lotus pattern in this period seemed to be moving eastward.While deepening the imitation of foreign art style,it had begun the process of localization and Chinese transformation and entered the middle stage of dermatoglyphic pattern development.The fourth part is the lotus pattern of the Northern Dynasties.Because of the large time span and rich data of this period,we divided it into two stages to introduction and explanation.Those were the Northern Wei,Eastern Wei and the Northern Qi Dynasties,the Western Wei and the Northern Zhou Dynasties.According to the carrier,the dermatoglyphic pattern seen in remains of grottoes,statues,tombs and eaves tile were combed.The variety and quantity of lotus pattern increased greatly in this period.In the period of Northern Wei Dynasty,moving the capital to Luoyang can be the time node.Before and after this time node,lotus pattern combination changed.The prominent change of lotus pattern in the period of Eastern Wei and the Northern Qi Dynasties,the Western Wei and the Northern Zhou Dynasties was the shape of petals: The ratio of rounded tip,warping and even concave is increasing.During this period,the localization process was continued and the transformation and innovation center of lotus pattern continued to move eastward,basically taking central China as the core,and we even found signs of its radiation.Finally,it can be considered that the imitation of foreign lotus pattern in the Northern Dynasties had come to an end,the innovation of pattern design had been deepening,and it entered the late stage of pattern development.The fifth part is the research of related issues.Firstly,we combined the materials of the second,third and fourth parts to make a systematic summary,which includes three levels: ornamentation,evolution of carrier nature,and transfer of cultural center.Secondly,different cultural factors were analyzed during the whole period.The sixth part is the conclusion.Summarized the four points of this paper.