Restudy On The Anti-Christian Case Of Zhou Han In Late Qing Dynasty

The Anti-Christian case of Zhou Han took place in the 1890s,lasted for 8 years,causing diplomatic conflicts between China and the foreign powers for many times.It was a special case,involving political,diplomatic and legal factors.In order to solve the "dilemma" situation,the relevant host officials of the Qing dynasty considered the crime charge of Zhou Han carefully,and they also had changed the treatment plan for many times.On the basis of previous studies,this paper further explores the origin of the Anti-Christian cases of Zhou Han,and believes that the foreign forces represented by Griffith John(1831-1912)and Christopher Thomas Gardner(1842-1914)promoted the formation of this case and the shaped the historical images of Anti-Christian of Hunan.While discussing the diplomatic factors,this paper also analyzes the internal influencing factors of the Qing government,and makes an in-depth study of the contradiction between Zhang Zhidong,the Viceroy of Hubei and Hunan,and Zhang Xu,the Governor of Huan.It was their contradiction that influenced the change of the plan of the Qing government.At the same time,this paper discusses the negotiation process between China and foreign powers around Zhou Han from 1892 to 1898,which enriches the content of the Anti-Christian case of Zhou Han.After careful argumentation,this paper comes to a conclusion which is different from the previous studies,believing that Chen baozhen's arrest of Zhou Han was the result of his active choice after judging the situation at home and abroad rather than under the pressure of the British consul,and thereby discussing the change of the Anti-Christian case policy of the Qing government.In addition,this paper,by using new materials such as The Fourth Revision of Zhou's family Tree in Datunying,Ningxiang,explores the early experiences of Zhou Han and his relationship network,which not only enriches the historical image of Zhou Han,but also helpes to understand the specific reasons for the Qing government to change its treatment plan.Finally,this paper also put the Anti-Christian case of Zhou Han in a longer period of time for observation,and investigateds the change process of Zhou Han's historial image from the 1890s to the present,through which we can grasp the venation of the ideological trend in modern China.