An Analysis Of The Economic And Cultural Exchange Of Shanxi Merchants Living In Mongolia In Guihua City (1895-1905)

Travelling to Mongolia and jin merchants is a general term for shanxi merchants,business houses and business gangs engaged in frontier trade activities in the Mongolian plateau area in the northern border of China from the early 17 th century to the end of the 1950 s.Since the Ming dynasty,the inner tribes of the Mongolian plateau region in the northern border of China have been fighting and fighting among themselves.The external tribes were driven out by the Ming government and economic blockade,and the production and life of herdsmen were in a dilemma.Until longqing four years(1570)the Ming and Mongolian relations were improved,the following year,andahan and Ming dynasty reached a re-opening of the 13 equine market trade agreement.After the resumption of trade between Mongolia and the horse market within the Great Wall,the former military town along the Great Wall has become a border trade market full of merchants.However,the horse trade is far from meeting the living needs of Mongolian people and princes and nobles.At the beginning of the qing dynasty,the merchants from shanxi and Mongolia arrived at the Mongolian plateau with their troops,providing the qing army with food,grass,horses and other materials.At the same time,deep into the Mongolian grassland and herdsmen to barter,by all ethnic nomads welcomed.In the later period,with the gradual unification of the Mongolian region,the merchants' footprints spread all over the Mongolian region.The motivation of shanxi merchants to do business in Mongolia mainly comes from two aspects.One is the push factor of Shanxi Province to the immigration of Shanxi Province.The contradiction between people and land in shanxi region,relatively developed handicraft industry,superior geographical location and government policies all promote the rapid development of business in shanxi and Mongolia.The second is the pull of the city to commercial immigrants.The city is the important center of political,economic,military and religious activities in Mongolia,which has great attraction to the jin merchants.In the process of economic and cultural exchanges,guihua city is the distribution center ofgoods for Mongolian and han trade and the trade of nearby villages and towns,as well as one of the tax collection points of north road trade.Therefore,it is closely related to north road trade of jinshang,northwest road trade and inland trade.These frequent trade had a profound influence on jin and Mongolia,including the influence on finance,shop organization and traditional life and culture.Traders and frequent trade of shanxi han also has a certain influence,trade activities make the latter formed unique apprentice education,family education,in the qing dynasty,as the change of political environment,economic environment,the latter to Mongolia,Russia is particularly difficult,jin merchants family have to change the previous education,establish the new education institutions;After the late qing dynasty,with the accumulation of wealth,they began to actively invest in the public construction of their hometown and the construction of their own houses;After hundreds of years of economic and cultural exchanges,there were a large number of commercial immigrants from shanxi in the Mongolian region.The immigrants brought some Mongolian place names,Mongolian words and Mongolian tunes back to their hometown,mixed with jin dialect,and created mountain songs and operas with unique ethnic characteristics.