Study On The Change Of Resident Pattern And The Mode Of Employment Of Tumd Mongolia In The Guihua City In The Qing Dynasty And The Republican Era

The residential pattern and mode of employment of tumed Mongolia in the Guihua city in the Qing dynasty and the republian era both have changed a lot.The change is motivated by han Chinese migrants and build on the base of the bidirectional interaction beween tumed Mongolia and national immigration.The migration of han nationality is an important driving factor of tumed social change,which is in line with its entry into tumed area and the reclamation of tumed land.The reclamation of tumed land can be divided into three stages,namely the fully open of the south of Daqingshan area in the early years of the Kangxi and Qianlong period,the binding open of the north of Daqingshan area and the punctiform open of the south of Daqingshan area in the middle of Qianlong period,and the binding open of the north of Daqingshan area from the late Qiannong period to the middle of Jiaqing period.Correspondingly,three are three peaks during which han immigrants in tumed area build villages,respectively in the first year of Kangxi to the end of qianlong,Xianfeng period and Guangxu and Xuantong period.The han immigrants in tumed area mainly come from Shanxi,Shaanxi and other places,including farmers,merchants and craftsmen.The entry of han immigrants had a profound influence on the residential pattern of tumed Mongolia.Tumed Mongolian distribute on the vast plains of TuMoChuan in the nomadic way and the distribution presents a plate shape.After the han Chinese came in,the residential pattern of tumed Mongolian is gradually evolved into zonal distribution along the river and mountain,and punctiform distribution in the suburbs and behind the Daqingshan area.With the increase of han Chinese immigrants,the pattern of the Mongolian and han living together is gradually formed,which is mainly manifested in two forms,namely,the staggered distribution of Mongolian and han villages and the flower arranging living of the Mongolian and han families.Influenced by the expansion of farming and the recession of animal husbandry,the mode of employment of tumed mongolians gradually turns diversified.The nomadic herding industry in Mongolia has shrunk and developed into a mixed animal husbandry which is mainly settled animal husbandry and employment of herding oriented.Agriculture has made great progress,and tumed people who specialize in agriculture appear.Business and handicrafts have also developed in varying degrees.In order to properly handle the relationship between the han people and the Mongolia,a unique management system of juxtaposing flag counties established in the tumed area: Mongol is responsible for the Mongolia affairs,the administration organization system of DaoTing deals with the affairs of han people,and disputes between the Mongolian and han people are judged by the joint hearing.In the republican era,the privilege of Mongol was weakened and gradually replaced by the county management.In the qing dynasty and the republican era,the ethnic relations of equality,solidarity,mutual assistance and harmony are established on the communication between the Mongolian and the han people in the tumed area of Guihua city,which has important implications for building ethnic relations of working together and developing together.