On The System Of Returning Eight Banners To Defense In Qing Dynasty

The system of returning to the Eight Banners is an important system used by the highest rulers of the Qing Dynasty to restrict the personal freedom of the Eight Banners.From a broad perspective,it is only part of the system of returning to the flag;from a narrow perspective,it is equal to the system of returning to the flag.The study of this system is of great academic significance in advancing the system of returning to the flag,the relationship between the Central Government and the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty,the thought of the Emperor Kang Yonggan,the history of immigrants in the Qing Dynasty,and the study of "Red Studies".Therefore,this article takes the historical materialism as the guiding ideology,and based on the empirical historical standpoint,adopts historical research methods,interdisciplinary research methods,and other research methods to study the system.Proven conclusions include:Frist,the establishment and abolition of the garrisoning eight flags and returning to the flags system is a diachronic process.Among them,the creation time of the system is more reasonable with "the initial determination of Shunzhi,Kangxi took shape in 23 years".Related reasons are closely related to the rapidly changing political environment in the early Qing Dynasty.Specific factors include: customs outside the customs,learning to imitate the Ming system,jealous of the Han army,avoiding Manchu and Han contradictions,and the game between the emperor and the kings of the Five Banners around the Eight Banners.As for the abolition time,it also started with the promulgation of the "Foreign Funeral Remaining Cases" in Qianlong 21 years(1756),which was completed in the 46 th year of Qianlong(1781).Promulgation of listing.The reason for the abolition is the same as that of the Han Army ’s flag.Essentially,it belongs to the Qianlong system’s related measures to solve the problem of livelihood of the Eight Banners.In addition,there are two factors: Sejong and Gaozong’s father and son robbed the authority of the Five Banners kings,undermined the political foundation of the system and the Confucian culture.After the abolition of the Eight Banners Returning to the Banner System was abolished,the returning to the banner system evolved into a political system that restricted only foreign Beijing Banner officials and their families.Second,the system of garrisoning eight flags and returning to the flag is a political system with clear objectives and perfect operating procedures.Before it was abolished,it always showed a relatively stable and healthy operating state: in the implementation of the system,the Eight Banners of the garrison never dared to cross the red line of the system of standing privately at the garrison;the system also maintained a continuously expanding Trends,such as the expansion of the scope of the system’s application space and the use of the system by Qing rulers for reference.In short,the operation trend of the garrisoned eight flags returning to the flag system during this time period has made it a management system with super stable structural characteristics.The related reasons are closely related to the attitude and related policies of the Qing rulers,especially the Emperor Qingzong.Third,the stable operating characteristics of the garrisoned eight flags returning to the flag system has promoted the long-held old custom of cremation in the garrisoned eight flags,and objectively alleviated the outbreak of the livelihood problems of the eight banners.More importantly,it also strengthens the group’s subjective identification with the Eight Banners community.However,it must be pointed out that the role of the system in strengthening the identity of the garrisoned Eight Banners cannot be infinitely elevated.